| 释义 |
consociation|kənˌsəʊʃɪˈeɪʃən, -sɪˈeɪʃən|
[ad. L. consociātiōn-em, f. consociāre to consociate.]
1. a. The action or fact of associating together; union in fellowship; combination.
1593Bilson Govt. Christ's Ch. 111 Wee must finde that consociation in the Gospell. 1603Harsnet Pop. Impost., When a Lyon a Fox and an Asse were met together in Pilgrimage it was much wondered at..what that Consociation meant. 1656H. More Antid. Ath. iii. xiii. (1712) 126 Such Examples of the consociation of good spirits being very scarce. 1804W. Taylor in Ann. Rev. II. 224 The consociation of tribes for plunder or defence. 1838–9Hallam Hist. Lit. III. iv. iii. §100. 192 The consociation of male and female is the first species of ‘consent’. 1842Miall Nonconf. II. 81 Truth has never been found to make head in the world otherwise than by the consociation of its votaries.
b. of things.
1645Rutherford Tryal & Tri. Faith (1845) 108 See a wise consociation of many acts of providence. 1649Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. ii. x. §7. 134 A consociation of many the worst acts, that a person ordinarily can be guilty of.
2. a. Fellowship, companionship, close or familiar association (with any one). b. Also of things.
1609Bible (Douay) Wisd. viii. 3 She glorifieth her nobilitie, having consociation with God. 1678Cudworth Intell. Syst. (1837) I. 24 This doctrine..is altogether simple, and incapable of any commixture or consociation with any other. 1738Warburton Div. Legat. I. 378 A friendly Consociation with your kindred Elements. 1863Mrs. C. Clarke Shaks. Char. iv. 110 Experience has told us that our term of years is extended by a consociation with children.
3.
†a. An alliance or confederation. Obs.
1603Harsnet Pop. Impost. 13 There was a Consociation between 3 or 4 Priests Devill-conjurers and 4 Discoverers or Seers. 1667H. Oldenburg in Phil. Trans. II. 414 To enter into a consociation with Germany, Bohemia, Hungary, etc. 1685Stillingfl. Orig. Brit. iv. 210 They did avoid all Clubs called there Consociations.
b. spec. in political contexts, a power-sharing arrangement among ideologically opposed groups competing for control over the same territory.
1961D. E. Apter Polit. Kingdom in Uganda i. 5 Others, such as Nigeria.., have tended toward some union of important constituent parts—a kind of consociation which seeks in political unity a common denominator to unite all the groups. 1980Economist 21 June (S. Afr. Suppl.) 28/3 Stellenbosch and Pretoria academics have been grazing on a diet of multicameral parliaments, restricted franchises, confederations and ‘consociations’. 1982Western Polit. Q. XXXV. 51 A final consociation practice is segmental autonomy. 1983N.Y. Times 25 Jan. a25/5 No Government supporter seems to have an answer beyond vague, awkwardly named notions such as ‘consociation’ or ‘some kind of federalism, but not based on territorial states.’
4. Eccl.
a. A confederation of Christian churches or religious societies.
†b. spec. Applied by the English Puritans to the union of churches on a Presbyterian basis.
c. Applied in New England to the confederaton or union of Congregational churches, in a somewhat closer union than that of theoretical Independency.
d. Hence, in U.S. a body of the nature of a permanent Council, elected from and representing the Congregational churches of a district, and possessing a certain tacitly conceded ecclesiastical authority.
1647Form Ch. Govt. xxxvi, A more strait and more firme consociation may be entred into. 1676Allen Address Nonconf. 204 One principal end of Church Consociation..is, that the better might help the worse, and the strong bring forward the weak.
b.1641‘Smectymnuus’ Answ. §17 (1653) 70 The Consociation, or Combination of Churches into a Provinciall or Nationall Synode for the right ordering of them. 1646S. Bolton Arraignm. Err. 266 So there is the nature of a Synod, it is a Consociation of Churches. 1681Whole Duty Nations 52 As the Christians..went out of Congregations, into Consociation of Churches in Religion.
c.1644J. Cotton Keys Kingd. Heaven 57 Touching this great work of communion and consociation of churches. 1702C. Mather Magn. Chr. v. iii. (1852) 301 Consociation of churches is their mutual and solemn agreement to exercise communion in such acts, as aforesaid, amongst themselves. 1735B. Coleman Let. in E. Turrell Life (Boston), The consociation of Churches is the very soul and life of the congregational Scheme..without which we must be Independent, and with which all the good of Presbyterianism is attainable. 1765T. Hutchinson Hist. Col. Mass. I. 223 There ought to be a consociation of churches. 1797B. Trumbull Hist. Connecticut i. xix. I. 488 There were..five consociations and the same number of associations in the colony.
d.1818L. Willson (title), Review of Ecclesiastical Proceedings in the Congregational Church and Society in Brooklyn (Conn.) and..Proceedings and Result of the Consociation of Windham County, in February, 1817. 1857Annals Amer. Pulpit I. 368 He was arraigned by the Consociation to which he belonged.
5. Ecology. A subdivision of an association, dominated by a single species.
1905F. E. Clements Res. Methods Ecol. iv. 296 The primary areas..have been called associations... It is proposed to term this primary division of the formation, a consociation, or better, a consocies. This term is applied only to an area characterized by a facies. 1916― Plant Succession vi. 137 The consocies is a seral community marked by the..dominance of one species... It is the unit of the associes in the same way that the consociation is of the association. 1926Tansley & Chipp Study of Veg. ii. 9 The names association, consociation, society and clan are given to the communities of stable (climax) vegetation in descending order. 1938Weaver & Clements Plant Ecol. (ed. 2) iv. 94 In its typical form the consociation is constituted by a single dominant. 1960N. Polunin Introd. Plant Geogr. xii. 345 One or another type of northern coniferous forest (or, occasionally, its broad-leafed consociations of Birch or consocies of Aspen) occupies most of the northernmost belt of forested terrain.
Hence consociˈational a., of or pertaining to consociation; consociˈationalism, the principle or practice of political consociation; consociˈationism, the principle or practice of the consociation of churches.
1884G. Huntington in Chicago Advance 11 Dec., They now sought a middle way between Presbyterianism and Congregationalism. That middle way was Consociationism. 1961D. E. Apter Pol. Kingdom in Uganda i. 21 A second [type of authority] is found in Nigeria. It is called the consociational type. 1969World Politics XXI. 207 (title) Consociational democracy. Ibid. 216 Efforts at consociationalism are not necessarily successful. 1979Dædalus Winter 200 The solution is to share power— as it has been shared in many segmented societies in the consociational mode. 1982Times Lit. Suppl. 9 July 747/4 Two alternative models: the consociational and the ‘double minority’... Most of the contributors here are more drawn to consociationalism. |