| 释义 |
congruence|ˈkɒŋgruːəns|
Also 6 -gruens, -grewence.
[ad. L. congruentia agreement, harmony, congruity, f. congruent- pr. pple.: see congruent and -ence. (Also in mod.F.)]
1. The fact or condition of according or agreeing; accordance, correspondence, harmony. Const. with.
1533Tindale Lords Supp. Wks. (1573) 468 That analogie and proper congruence of the figures with their verities. 1606Holland Sueton. 223 (R.) Such was the congruence of their humours and dispositions. 1641H. Ainsworth Orthod. Found. Relig. 59 As sinne is a difference from Gods Law, so justice is a congruence with the Law. 1805W. Herschel in Phil. Trans. XCV. 243 Our idea of the congruence or harmony of the celestial motions. 1882Farrar Early Chr. I. 337 Even in minor matters we trace the same congruence between Apollos and the writer of this Epistle [Hebrews].
2. a. Accordance with what is right, fitting, or reasonable; = congruity 3.
c1430tr. T. à Kempis' Imit. i. xix, Also for congruence [of tyme] diuersite of exercises plesiþ. 1572J. Bossewell Armorie iii. 11 b, This fishe maye with more congruence be borne in armes, then many others. 1656Jeanes Mixt. Schol. Div. 73 This is farre short of a demonstration..It is, at the best, but a philosophical congruence.
†b. esp. in of congruence, of good congruence (of due or very c., by good c., in good c., etc.): by right or propriety; as is fitting or reasonable.
1447O. Bokenham Seyntys (Roxb.) 117 Agna is a lamb, a best ful meke And sympyl also..Wych tuo to Anneys by good congruence Longyn. c1485Digby Myst. (1882) iv. 1088 Who then aught of verrey congruence To be mor glad than I? 1532More Confut. Tindale Wks. 352/1 Not in reason onely and good congrewence, but also by plaine ordinaunce and statute. 1533Tindale Lord's Supp. Wks. (1573) 460 It was expedient and of good congruence that he should dye. 1619Dalton Countr. Just. lxx. (1630) 170 This Recognisance..is rather of congruence than by any expresse authority.
3. Gram. Agreement or concord: grammatical correctness. See congruity 4. (See also quot. 1958.)
1706[see congruity 4]. 1933Bloomfield Language xii. 191 Congruence plays a great part in many languages; witness for example the inflection of the adjectives in most Indo-European languages in congruence with various subclasses (number, gender, case) of the noun. 1942Bloch & Trager Outl. Ling. Analysis v. 77, I am..he is..we are. Here..the finite verb varies according to the class of another constituent, the actor expression. This kind of selection is called congruence. 1958A. S. C. Ross Etymology i. 28 Two languages are related if..they were once one language... The word congruence in application to parts of two related languages is to be understood in precisely the sense in which the word relationship is applied..to the two languages themselves. Thus, English stone and German stein are congruent because..they were both one word in..Primitive Germanic.
†4. Theol. = congruity 5.
a1541Barnes Tract viii. Freewill Wks. (1573) 273 M. Duns sayth, that man may performe his attrition, of his naturall power, yea, and this attrition of congruence, is a disposition to take away mortall sinne, without any speciall grace. 1554T. Sampson in Strype Eccl. Mem. III. App. xviii. 48 Herein they so enwrap themselves with their terms of the first grace..with merit of congruence and merit of condignity. 1635E. Pagitt Christianogr. i. iii. (1636) 179 They admit not of the merit of Congruence, condignity, nor works of Supererogation.
5. Geom. = congruency 2.
1879Henrici Geometry in Encycl. Brit. X. 407/1 A double infinite number of lines, that is, all lines which satisfy two conditions, or which are common to two complexes, are said to form a congruence of lines, e.g. all lines in a plane, or all lines cutting two curves, or all lines cutting a given curve twice..It follows that all lines in which corresponding planes in two projective pencils meet form a congruence.
6. Theory of Numbers. The relation between two numbers which being divided by a third number, called the modulus, give the same remainder; also an expression exhibiting two congruous quantities in the form of an equation; thus, A ≡ B (mod. P). See congruent 5.
A congruence may be of any order, linear, quadratic, or other. The general type of a linear congruence is ax + b ≡ 0 (mod. P), where a, b, and P are given numbers, and x a number to be determined.
[1801C. F. Gauss Disq. Arithmet. (Lipsiae) §25 Expressionem duas quantitates congruas exhibentem ad instar aequationum, congruentiam vocamus.] 1889Chrystal Algebra, Gauss..made the notion of Congruence the fundamental idea in his famous Disquisitiones Arithmeticæ. |