| 释义 |
▪ I. conflict, n.|ˈkɒnflɪkt|
[ad. L. conflīct-us (u- stem) striking together, shock, fight, conflict, f. ppl. stem of conflīg-ĕre: see next. The OF. repr. of the L. was conflit (= It. conflitto), often written in 15–16th c. conflict, after L.; this may possibly have been the immediate source of our word.]
1. a. An encounter with arms; a fight, battle.
c1440Promp. Parv. 90 Conflycte of werre, conflictus. 1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 403 Fiȝhtenge with shorte speres in conflictes. 1590Spenser F.Q. i. vii. 26 The lucklesse conflict with the Gyaunt stout. 1611Bible 2 Macc. v. 14 Fourty thousand were slaine in the conflict. 1848W. K. Kelly tr. L. Blanc's Hist. Ten Y. II. 612 The bloody conflicts of the Druses and the Maronites.
attrib.1814Scott Ld. of Isles vi. xviii, Then loudly rose the conflict-cry.
b. esp. A prolonged struggle.
1835–41Thirlwall Greece V. 320 If his arms terminated the conflict [between Thebes and Phocis]. 1884Standard 28 Feb. 5/1 They forced on the Boers, under menace of an all but exterminating conflict, offensive and superfluous conditions.
c. (without article or pl.) Fighting, contending with arms, martial strife.
1611Bible 2 Macc. xv. 17 They determined..manfully to trie the matter by conflict. 1841Lane Arab. Nts. I. 104 In the hour of conflict. 1847Tennyson Princ. v. 480 Until they closed In conflict with the crash of shivering points.
2. a. transf. and fig.
1531Elyot Gov. i. i, Also where there is any lacke of ordre nedes must be perpetuall conflicte. 1592Shakes. Ven. & Ad. 345 To note the fighting conflict of her hue, How white and red each other did destroy! 1684–5Boyle Min. Waters 88, I found it to be evidently Alcalisate; insomuch that it would make a conflict with Acids. 1883Froude Short Stud. IV. i. i. 2 The recurring conflicts between Church and State.
b. A mental or spiritual struggle within a man.
c1430tr. T. à Kempis' Consol. iii. xxii, For, one temptacyon or tribulacion goinge awey, anoþer comeþ, yea, som tyme þe first conflicte yit duryng. c1440Gesta Rom. (1879) 374 A man..may abide the conflicte of all vices, but [lechery] he moste flee. 1557Paynel Barclay's Jugurth 118 b, After longe conflyct had within himselfe. 1697W. Dampier Voy. (1698) I. xviii. 496, I must confess that I was in great conflicts of Mind at this time. 1784Cowper Task i. 668 Pale With conflict of contending hopes and fears. 1833H. Martineau Loom & Lugger ii. i. 13 Amidst the conflict of feelings under which he now listened.
c. The clashing or variance of opposed principles, statements, arguments, etc.
1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 38 Whether in some cases there may not be a conflict of principles. 1883T. H. Green Proleg. Ethics §324 There is no such thing really as a conflict of duties. Ibid. §327 Authorities whose injunctions come into conflict with each other.
d. Psychol. The opposition, in an individual, of incompatible wishes or needs of approximately equal strength; also, the distressing emotional state resulting from such opposition. Also attrib.
1859A. Bain Emotions & Will ii. vi. 442, I shall treat first of the conflict of a voluntary stimulus with the spontaneous impulses considered..as growing out of the purely physical conditions of the nervous and muscular systems. Ibid. 445 Where two pleasures or two pains, or one of each, solicit the voluntary executive in opposite ways. The instances of this conflict may be as numerous as the various concurrences of the human feelings. 1887J. Sully Outl. Psychol. (ed. 3) xi. 473 There arises an effect of mutual conflict, accompanied by a painful feeling of jar or discord. 1896G. F. Stout Anal. Psychol. I. ii. iv. 281 The conception of conflict..comprehends all kinds of intellectual hesitation, and it is the psychological counterpart of logical contradiction. 1935Adams & Zener tr. Lewin's Dynamic Theory iii. 89 Conflict situations of this type usually develop rather quickly. 1942K. Horney Self-Analysis iii. 94 The person may have gained a deep insight into the component parts of a conflict.
3. Dashing together, collision, or violent mutual impact of physical bodies.
1555Eden Decades 92 As soone as they were nowe entered into the maine sea, such sourges and conflictes of water arose ageynst them. 1692Bentley Boyle Lect. vii. 232 The common Motion of Matter proceding from external Impulse and Conflict. 1832Nat. Philos., Electro-Magnet. xii. §253 (Useful Knowl. Soc.) He conceived that a continued series of electric shocks took place..a condition which he expressed by the term Electric Conflict. 1853Kane Grinnell Exp. xxix. (1856) 253 The less perilous [must be] the conflicts of the ice-masses in their rotation.
4. attrib. and Comb., as conflict research, conflict resolution, conflict study.
1965Listener 18 Nov. 787/1 Michael Nicholson is a Fellow in ‘conflict research’ at the University of Lancaster.
1957(title) Journal of conflict resolution. 1968L. Nader in D. L. Sills Internat. Encycl. Social Sci. III. 241/1 The style of conflict resolution derives from a society's structural principles of human association.
1965Listener 18 Nov. 787/1 ‘Conflict studies’ is a new branch of academic investigation which attempts, among other things, to throw light on the causes of war. 1970Times 24 Aug. 20/4 (Advt.), The Irish tangle is unravelled by Iain Hamilton in Conflict Studies No. 6.
▸ conflict of interest n. (a) an incompatibility between the concerns or aims of different parties; (b) (chiefly in Business, Polit., and Law) a situation whereby two or more of the interests held by, or entrusted to, a single person or party are considered incompatible or breach prescribed practice; spec. a situation in which an individual may profit personally from decisions made in his or her official capacity.
1837Southern Lit. Messenger Dec. 752/1 My own convictions are that our system of Federal Government, with virtue on the part of the rulers, and vigilance on the part of the people, may exist forever. Under a fair administration of its powers, no conflict of interest or feeling can well arise. 1899Overland Monthly Aug. 190/2 Socialism aims to make the State the industrial unit, involving the competition of one State with another, and ignoring the conflict of interest between classes within the State. 1938New Eng. Weekly 21 July 276/1 It may be that behind the apparent split in governing-class opinion there is a conflict of financial interests. 1970Jrnl. Gen. Psychol. Jan. 73 Two of these [dimensions] were shown to have special relevance for behavior in a conflict-of-interest situation. 1987W. Greider Secrets of Temple i. i. 21 To avoid any conflict of interest, Schultz would have to sell his bank stocks, government bonds and other financial assets whose value might be directly affected by Federal Reserve decisions. 1991Japan Forum 3 368 The reforms failed..due to the conflict of interests between the major actors in the debate. 2002Which? Feb. 33/1 The seller or developer might assure you that their lawyers will handle everything, but you can't expect proper protection when there's a conflict of interest.
▪ II. conflict, v.|kənˈflɪkt|
[f. L. conflict-, ppl. stem of conflīgĕre to strike together, clash, conflict, contend, fight (whence the freq. conflictāre), f. con- together + flīgĕre to strike. No corresp. vb. is recorded in F. dicts.; It. has confliggere, conflissi, conflitto.]
1. intr. To fight, contend, do battle.
1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 139 Vsenge not to conflicte as with theire enmyes. 1591Harington Orl. Fur. xxvi. lxxiv, First when to get Marfisa he had thought, He had conflicted more then twise or thrise. 1791Cowper Iliad xiii. 870 These Two with Hector and his host Conflicted. 1823Shelley Hellas 30 The army encamp'd upon the Cydaris..saw two hosts conflicting in the air.
b. transf. of the strife of natural forces.
1626Bacon Sylva (J.), You shall hear under the earth a horrible thundering of fire and water conflicting together. 1681H. More Exp. Dan. ii. 26 They [the winds] all conflicted one with another at the same time.
2. fig. To contend, strive, struggle with.
1628D'Ewes Jrnl. (1783) 41 Fearing it might be a temptation of the devil's, he had conflicted with it. 1670Devout Commun. (1688) 113 Seest thou him not fastned to the Cross, conflicting with his Father's wrath? 1715F. Brokesby Life Dodwell 16 Understanding the Difficulties, with which this..Nephew conflicted. 1721Strype Eccl. Mem. II. i. xxiv. 197 He had both publickly and privatly conflicted with the adversaries..with admirable strength of learning.
3. fig. Of interests, opinions, statements, feelings, etc.: To come into collision, to clash; to be at variance, be incompatible. (Now the chief sense.)
1647Sprigge Anglia Rediv. i. i. (1854) 2 Wherein both interests conflicting. a1862Buckle Civiliz. (1873) III. v. 395 One error conflicts with another; each destroys its opponent and truth is evolved. 1883T. H. Green Proleg. Ethics §324 The perplexities of conscience..in which duties appear to conflict with each other.
†4. trans. To engage in battle, to assault. rare.
1599Nashe Lenten Stuffe (1871) 18 In a sea-battle, her ships and men conflicted the Cinque Ports.
†5. fig. To buffet with adversity. Obs.
1609J. Davies Christ's Cross in Farr S.P. Eliz. (1845) I. 252 Sith thy soule for me is so conflicted. a1656Bp. Hall Invis. World ii. §7 Those miseries and temptations wherewith we are continually conflicted here below. |