| 释义 |
communism|ˈkɒmjuːnɪz(ə)m|
[f. L. commūn-is or F. commun common + -ism. In mod.F. communisme.]
1. a. A theory which advocates a state of society in which there should be no private ownership, all property being vested in the community and labour organized for the common benefit of all members; the professed principle being that each should work according to his capacity, and receive according to his wants.
‘I also conversed [in 1840] with some of the most advanced minds of the French metropolis, and there, in the company of some disciples of Babeœuf, then called Equalitarians, I first pronounced the name of Communism, which has since..acquired that world-wide reputation (Goodwyn Barmby in The Apostle No. i. 1848).
1843New Age 20 May 24 Works on Communism, Religious, Political, and Domestic. 1844The Movement 25 Sept. 353 The journals..teem with criticisms and reports of Communists and Communism. 1848Forster Diary 11 May in T. W. Reid Life (1888) I. vii. 237, I learn that the great distinction between communism and socialism is that the latter believes in payment according to work done, and the former does not. 1851J. M. Ludlow Chr. Socialism 11 Communism starts from the thing, and is in essential antagonism to absolute property; Socialism starts from the person, and is in essential antagonism to human discord and rivalry. 1890G. J. Holyoake Labour World No. 11 col. 39 Communism means a self-supporting society distinguished by common labour, common property, and common means of intelligence and recreation.
b. spec. A political doctrine or movement based on Marxism and later developed by Lenin, seeking the overthrow of capitalism through a proletarian revolution; = Marxism-Leninism. (Freq. with capital initial.)
1850H. Macfarlane tr. Marx & Engels's Manifesto of German Communist Party in Red Republican 23 Nov. 181/3 It is not..the abolition of property generally which distinguishes Communism; it is the abolition of Bourgeois property... In this sense, indeed, the Communists might resume their whole Theory in that single expression—The abolition of private property. 1896[see Marxian a.]. 1906Our May Day Manifesto (Communist Working Men's Club) 8 This is our ‘First of May’, the May-Day of those who believe in Anarchism and Communism! 1908J. Bonhomme tr. Jaeckh's International 71 In Germany, Liebknecht began to unfurl the red flag of Communism in the first party which had been formed. 1919tr. Lenin's State & Revol. v. 99 We are right in speaking solely of the inevitable withering away of the State, emphasising..its dependence upon the rapidity of development of the higher phase of Communism. 1921E. & C. Paul Communism 1 Communism to-day signifies an organised attempt to overthrow the existing social order and to replace it by a better. 1954J. Plamenatz Marxism & Communism xiii. 319 From 1902 until 1926 German Marxism..was gradually transformed into what is nowadays called Communism.
2. a. Applied to any practice which carries out this theory in whole or part; e.g. that mentioned in Acts ii. 44 seq., as practised in the church of Jerusalem, or that prevailing in monastic communities. spec. The communistic social order established in Russia after the revolution of March 1917, and later in certain associated countries; = Bolshevism. (Freq. with capital initial.) Also transf.
1857Wood Com. Obj. Seashore 75 In these curious creatures communism prevails to its fullest extent, one for all and all for one. 1874H. Reynolds John Bapt. iii. §2. 177 The communism, the vows of silence, the ceaseless struggle after a higher life amongst the Essenes. 1882A. M. Fairbairn in Contemp. Rev. XLII. 870 Communism seems to the new-born religious society but the proper social expression of its brotherhood. 1918Times 24 Jan. 5/3 (heading) Fruits of Bolshevist Rule ‘Fantastic Communism’. 1935S. & B. Webb (title) Soviet Communism: a new civilisation? 1957R. N. C. Hunt Communist Jargon i. 1 Wars waged by the Soviet Union for the purpose of ‘liberating’ oppressed countries and imposing Communism upon them.
b. Co-ownership of land.
1866Rogers Agric. & Prices I. xxvii. 652 A village system, which..was a kind of simple communism. 1875Poste Gaius ii. (ed. 2) 254 Communism or co-ownership appears to be an older institution than individual ownership.
3. Community of feeling; the spirit of a community. rare.
1870Daily News 18 Nov., A tribunal where the natural bias of mercantile communism could not influence the judgment of those who had to decide the question.
¶ Sometimes improperly used for communalism, and the spirit of the commune of Paris, in 1871.
1871Graphic III. 563/2 The Hotel de Ville..is now a complete wreck..an everlasting reproach to Communism and its doctrines. |