| 释义 |
▪ I. cockle, n.1|ˈkɒk(ə)l|
Forms: (1 coccul), 1–2 coccel, 3–7 cockel, 4– cockle. (Also 4 cokul, cockil, -el, cokel, 4–5 cokil, 4–7 cocle, 5 kokkel, cokkul, cockille, 5–6 cokyll(e, 6 coccle, cockyll, cockole, cokkell, 6–7 cockell(e.)
[OE. coccul, coccel masc.; in no other Teutonic lang. (It looks like a L. *cocculus, dim. of coccus.)
Cotgr. has F. coquiol ‘a degenerate Barlie, or weed commonly growing among Barlie, and called haver-grasse’, which M. Joret identifies with coquioule, ‘Festuca ovina’.
The Ir. and Gaelic cogal, used in the versions of Matt. xiii. for ‘cockle, tares’, is merely the English word borrowed (prob. in the older form *cocal, though it is not known in O. or M.Irish).]
1. The name of a plant: now, and prob. from OE. times, applied to Lychnis (or Agrostemma) Githago, a caryophyllaceous plant, with handsome reddish-purple flowers succeeded by capsules of numerous black seeds, which grows in cornfields, especially among wheat. Also called corn cockle.
Known to early herbalists as Nigella or Nigellastrum, F. nielle. Nigella (dim. of L. nigra black, referring to the black seeds) was app. originally applied to a ranunculaceous plant, Nigella arvensis (or one of its congeners), a field-weed of southern regions; but in northern France and Britain, where this plant was unknown, the name was transferred to Githago, the black-seeded corn-weed of these regions.
c1000― [see 2, the early quotations doubtless meaning this plant]. c1265Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 554/10 Zizania, neele, cockel. a1387Sinon. Barthol. (Anecd. Oxon.) 31 Nigella, i. zizannia, cocle. c1440Promp. Parv. 86 Cokylle, wede, nigella, lollium, zizannia [Pynson gitt]. c1450Alphita (Anecd. Oxon.), Lollium, zizannia, nigella idem. gall. nele, a⊇. kokkel, nascitur intra triticum. 1523Fitzherb. Husb. §20 Cockole hath..floures of purple colour, as brode as a grote, and the sede is rounde and blacke. 1538Turner Libellus, Githago siue Nigellastrum..vulgus appellat Coccle aut pople. 1578Lyte Dodoens ii. xi. 160 Cockle or fielde Nigelweede. 1678Phillips, Cockle, a Weed call'd Corn-rose, Darnel, or field-Nigella. 1721–42Bailey, Cockle, a Weed, otherwise called Corn-rose [1753–90 otherwise called Corn-Campion]. 1794Martyn Rousseau's Bot. xix. 275. 1866 Treas. Bot. 31 The weed Corn Cockle, with large, entire, purple petals.
b. The seed of this plant.
1713E. Tenison in Phil. Trans. XXVIII. 92 A Wire Sieve (such as is used to separate Cockle from Corn). 1743Lond. & Country Brew. iv. (ed. 2) 288 A little black Seed, that contains a very white Flour, which we call Cockle.
2. Applied from OE. times to render or represent the zizania of the Vulgate in Matt. xiii, or the lolium with which Latin writers identified this.
Recent investigation has apparently settled that the ζιζάνιον, pl. -ια, of the N.T., zizania and lolium of Latin writers, was the grass Lolium temulentum or Darnel, a prevalent weed in Mediterranean and Levantine regions (cf. Stanley Sinai & Palestine 426, Tristram Nat. Hist. Bible 487), which is very prone to be affected with Ergot, and in the ergotized condition is deleterious. The translation of these words by coccel, cockle, in English was (like the later erroneous rendering tares) due in the first instance to ignorance as to the plant meant by zizania or lolium; but it led to the further error of some scientific writers who, knowing lolium to be darnel, still called it ‘cockle’.
c1000Ags. Gosp. Matt. xiii. 25 Þa com his feonda sum & ofer-seow hit mid coccele. c1050Byrhtferth's Handboc in Anglia VIII. 300 Þe æᵹðer sæwð ᵹelomlice ᵹe lasor ᵹe coccul on manna æceron. c1340Cursor M. 1138 (Trin.) For þi muchel felonye Þis whete shal wexe cokul [C. zizanny, F. darnel] hye. 1382Wyclif Matt. xiii. 25 His enmye came, and sew aboue dernel, or cokil [1388 taris] in the midil of whete. a1387Sinon. Barthol. (Anecd. Oxon.) 44 Zizannia, lollium idem, cokel. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. lxv. (Tollem. MS.), Amonge þe beste whete sumtyme groweþ euel wedes, and venimouse, as cocle and ray [ut lolium, lappatium]. Ibid. xvii. cxciv. (1495) 731 Poetes calle the herbe ray: Infelix lollium, vngracyous Cokyll. 1555in Bonner Homilies 10 Of such earth as can bryng furth but weedes, nettels, brambles, bryers, cocle and darnell. 1579Spenser Sheph. Cal. Dec. 124 Which..Cockel for corne, and chaffe for barley bare. 1582N. T. (Rhem.) Matt. xiii. 25 Vvhen men vvere a sleepe, his enemy came and ouersovved cockle among the vvheate [all other 16th c. & later vv. have tares]. 1588Shakes. L.L.L. iv. iii. 383. 1611 Bible Job xxxi. 40 Let thistles grow in stead of wheat, and cockle [marg. noysome weedes; Vulg. spina, LXX βάτος, Wyclif a thorne, Coverd. thornes] in stead of barley. 1614Markham Cheap Husb. i. (1668) Table Hard Wds., Lollium, is that weed which we call Cockel, and groweth amongst the corn in every field. 1685Dryden Thren. August. xii, And Cockle at the best, amidst the Corn it bore.
b. fig.
1429Pol. Poems (1859) II. 143 Thy fader..Voided al cokil farre out of Syon. 1548Cranmer Catech. 174 To sowe the cockell of heresye and erroneous opinions. 1607Shakes. Cor. iii. i. 70 The Cockle of Rebellion, Insolence, Sedition. 1730Young Epist. Pope i, Weed the cockle from the generous corn!
3. Sometimes applied to other corn-weeds.
a. ? The corn poppy.
b. The bur-dock.
1579Langham Gard. Health (1633) 433 Wilde cockle that groweth in corne..may be pressed forth as opium. 1863Barnes Dorset Dial. (Philol. Soc.), Cockle, or Cuckle, the burr of the burdock (arctium). [Cf. 1398 in 2.]
4. Comb. cockle-bur = clot-bur: in U.S., Xanthium Strumarium; also = agrimony; cockle-machine, -separator, a machine for separating the seeds of cockle from wheat (U.S.).
1866Treas. Bot. 305. 1880 New Virginians I. 133 Daturas..cockle-burrs, Spanish needles. 1884Miller Plant-n., Cockle-bur, or Clot-bur, Agrimonia Eupatoria and the genus Xanthium. 1887American Miller XV. 211 (Advt.) Kurth's Cockle separator. Ibid. 301 Two double-cylinder cockle-machines, French system.
▪ II. cockle, n.2|ˈkɒk(ə)l|
Forms: 5 cokille, cokyll(e, (coakelle), 5–6 cockill(e, Sc. cokkil, -yl, -ilȝe, 5–7 cocle, 6 cokil(l, cockell, (6–7 coccle, 7 cokle, cockel, cochle), 6– cockle.
[ME. cokille, a. F. coquille (OF. also cokille) shell, = It. cocchiglia cockle-shell:—L. type *cocchilia, *cocquilia, by-form of conchylia, pl. of conchylium (conquilium in a Gloss.), a. Gr. κογχύλιον small kind of mussel or cockle, dim. of κογχύλη = κόγχη (whence L. concha and by-form *cocca) mussel or (perhaps) cockle. With the English shifting of the stress, cokille has become cockle, like gentille, gentle, etc.]
1. The English name of bivalve molluscs of the genus Cardium, esp. C. edule, common on sandy coasts, and much used for food. (Formerly applied more vaguely, including other bivalves.)
[1393Langl. P. Pl. C. x. 95 A ferthyng-worth of muscles..oþer so fele Cockes (15th c. MS. cokeles).] c1420[see cockle-shell 1]. c1425Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 642/23 Hec conca, cochille. c1430Lydg. MS. Soc. Antiq. 134. 3 (Halliw.) As the cockille with hevenly dew so clene Of kynde engendreth white perlis rounde. c1440Promp. Parv. 86 Cocle, fysche [1499 cokyll], coclea. 1481–90Howard Househ. Bks. (1844) 21 Item, coakelles. 1530Palsgr. 206/2 Coccle fysshe, coquille. 1577–87Holinshed Chron. III. 1192/1 Frenchmen came foorth of Leith to gather cockles on the sands. 1620Venner Via Recta iv. 79 Cockles are not so noysome as Muskles. 1772–84Cook Voy. (1790) I. 209 He found some cockles so large, that one of them was more than sufficient for two men. 1806Gazetteer Scot. (ed. 2) 156 At one place is an extensive bed of the finest cockles. 1855Kingsley Glaucus 64 The huge mahogany cockles as big as a child's two fists. 1867Lovell Edible Brit. Mollusca 29 In the Hebrides..is a Mya, there called the cockle.
2. The shell of this mollusc; often, a single valve of the shell; = cockle-shell. Formerly applied (like F. coquille) to any bivalve shell, esp. that of the scallop.
† order of the cockle (F. ordre de la coquille): the order of St. Michael instituted by Louis XI of France, so called from the gold scallop-shells with which the collar of the order was ornamented.
c1507Justes of May & June in Hazl. E.P.P. II. 114 A cognysaunce..of a wite cocle. 1517Ld. Treas. Acc. Scot. in Pitcairn Crim. Trials I. *265 To warne the Lordis to be in Edinr. at the Coler of Cokkylȝeis taking. 1549Compl. Scot. xvii. (1872) 148 The kyng of France makkis the ordour of the cokkil. a1572Knox Hist. Ref. Wks. 1846 I. 217 Huntley, Ergyle, and Anguss, was lykwiese maid Knyghtis of the Cockill. 1596Shakes. Tam. Shr. iv. iii. 66 Why 'tis a cockle or a walnut-shell. 1807Crabbe Par. Reg. iii. 318 Cockles blanch'd and pebbles neatly spread, Form'd shining borders for the larkspurs' bed. a1845Barham Ingol. Leg., St. Gengulphus vi, Cockle on hat, and staff in hand.
3.
†a. A small shallow vessel resembling a cockle-shell; a saucer or the like. Obs.
1648Hexham Dutch Dict., Een boter-stande, a wodden Platter or Cocle of Milke to stand in.
b. A small shallow boat; cf. cockle-shell 3.
1868B. J. Lossing Hudson 308 Two or three duck-hunters, in their little cockles.
4. A small shell-like confection of sugar and flour, having a printed motto or couplet rolled up inside. (U.S. local.) ? Obs.
1851Hawthorne Twice-told T. I. viii. 149 And those little cockles, or whatever they are called, much prized by children for their sweetness, and more for their mottoes. 1890Correspt. fr. Salem, Mass., ‘Little cockles’ were in white, pink, and buff..We always had them at our children's parties and had great fun in reading the mottoes aloud.
5. cockles of the heart: used in connexion with to rejoice, delight, etc.; also (in modern use) to warm the cockles of one's heart.
For derivation cf. quot. 1669. Others have sought its origin in L. corculum dim. of cor heart. (Latham conjectured ‘the most probable explanation lies (1) in the likeness of a heart to a cockleshell; the base of the former being compared to the hinge of the latter; (2) in the zoological name for the cockle being Cardium, from the Greek καρδία = heart’.)
[1669R. Lower Tract. de Corde 25 Fibræ quidem..spirali suo ambitu helicem sive cochleam satis apte referunt.] 1671Eachard Observ. Answ. Enquiry, This contrivance of his did inwardly rejoice the cockles of his heart. 1739R. Bull tr. Dedekindus' Grobianus 110 O! how you'd please the Cockles of my Heart. 1792Scott Let. 30 Sept. in Lockhart, An expedition..which would have delighted the very cockles of your heart. 1821― Kenilw. xix, What! shall we not..warm the cockles of our ancient kindness. 1828Southey Lett. (1856) IV. 99 My cockles are comforted whenever I enter the door. 1858Darwin in Life & Lett. (1888) II. 112, I have just had the innermost cockles of my heart rejoiced by a letter from Lyell.
6. Cf. hot cockles.
1844tr. Eugene Sue's Myst. Paris iii. vii, When he placed his hands on a table, he seemed..to play a game of cockles.
7. attrib. and Comb., as cockle family, cockle kind, cockle-picker, cockle tribe, cockle-woman. cockle-boat, a small boat (cf. 3 b, and cock-boat); cockle-garden, an enclosed part of the coast, where cockles are bred for economic purposes; cockle-gatherer, one who gathers cockles for food, etc.; cockle-hat, a hat with a ‘cockle’ or scallop-shell stuck in it, worn by pilgrims, as a sign of their having been at the shrine of St. James of Compostella in Spain; † cockle-pan (cf. 3), ? a shallow pan used on the kitchen fire; cockle-pond, a shallow pond in which cockles are bred; cockle-rake (see quot.); cockle-sauce (cf. oyster-sauce); † cockle-strewer, the person who strewed a pall-mall ground with powdered cockle-shells (cf. Pepys, 15 May 1663); cockle-wife, a woman who gathers cockles for sale. See also cockle-shell.
1622Fletcher Woman's Prize ii. vi, This pink, this painted foist, this *cockle-boat, To hang her fights out, and defy me friends, A well-known man of war?
1841–71T. R. Jones Anim. Kingd. (ed. 4) 544 The *Cockle-family (Cardiacea).
1882Standard 26 Sept. 2/2 Cockles are cultivated at Starcross, where there are ‘*cockle gardens’.
1867Lovell Edible Brit. Mollusca 28 How quickly an expert *cockle-gatherer will fill his basket.
a1600Friar of Orders Gray in Percy Reliq. I. ii. xviii, O by his *cockle-hat, and staff, And by his sandal shoone. 1834Sir F. B. Head Bubbles Brunnen 308 The aged man..took the cockle-hat, and seized..the light long pilgrim's staff.
1563Wills & Inv. N.C. (1835) 209 A cressett, a *cockell pann, a laten ladle. 1569Richmond. Wills (1853) 219, Ij rostinge ireons, a kokle pane, a pair tonngs.
1922Joyce Ulysses 47 *Cocklepickers..waded a little way in the water. 1929W. B. Yeats Let. 28 Mar. (1953) 147, I thought you more subjected than you are to the rat-catchers and cockle-pickers.
1885A. Brassey The Trades 215 To pass the mangrove-swamps or *cockle-ponds.
1883Fisheries Exhib. Catal. 13 *Cockle Rake used..in gathering Cockles, Clams, etc.
1769Mrs. Raffald Eng. Housekpr. (1778) 35 Serve them [haddocks] up..with plain melted butter, or *cockle sauce.
18..London, its Celebrated Char. I. 138 (Lovell) 5 The person who had the care of grounds was called the ‘King's *Cockle Strewer’.
1884Lovell Edible Brit. Mollusca 43 *Cockle-wives scraping for cockles, the scraper being made from an old reaping-hook.
1856Geo. Eliot in J. W. Cross Life (1884) I. vii. 329 The sight of the *cockle-women at Swansea..would make a fine subject for a painter. 1949Dylan Thomas Lett. (1966) 325 You climb the stones to see..the cocklewomen webfoot.
¶ See also cochle.
▪ III. cockle, n.3
[Goes with cockle v.1 (which has not yet been found as early).]
An uneven place, pucker, or bulge on what ought to be a flat surface, as a piece of cloth, a sheet of glass, etc.
1522[see cockly1]. 1530Palsgr. 206/2 Cokell of the clothe, nev de drap. a1853Lindley in Gardener's Chron., What the manufacturers call ‘cockles’, producing that uneven puckering appearance which is the peculiar characteristic of sheet glass. Of these cockles some are circular. 1885Yorkshire Newspr. (Local terms of woollen manuf.), Cockles, imperfections in cloth.
▪ IV. † cockle, n.4 Obs.
[app. f. Fr. coquille shell, or L. coclea snail, spiral, winding stair.]
1. A curl, ringlet.
1608Sylvester Du Bartas ii. iv. iv. (1641) 228/1 Instantly she sped To curl the Cockles of her new-bought head.
2. cockle-stairs, winding stairs. [Cf. Ital. scala a chiocciola.]
1624Wotton Archit. (1672) 37 There are likewise Spiral, or Cockle Stairs, either Circular, or Oval. 1715Leoni Palladio's Archit. (1742) I. 35 Winding Stairs, which are also call'd Cockle-Stairs.
▪ V. cockle, n.5
Also coakle, cokle.
[Derivation uncertain: possibly ad. 16th c. Du. kākel, kaeckel, kāchel: cf. kaeckel-oven ‘fornax figulina’, kaeckel-stove ‘hypocaustum figulinum, tepidarium lateritium’ (Kilian); kakel, kachelen, ‘les tuiles d'vn poale’, kakelstoue, kachelouen ‘poale ou estuves faict de tuille’ (Plantin); the Du. word is ad. Ger. kachel, earthen vessel, stove-tile, etc.]
1. The fire-chamber or furnace of a hop or malt kiln. Also called cockle oast.
1688R. Holme Armoury iii. 105/1 A Cockle..the place where the Fire is made to dry the Malt. 1743Lond. & Country Brew. iv. (ed. 2) 257 The finest Way of drying Malts..is to do it in a Cockle-Oast-Kiln. 1807R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. II. 243 Where..a cockle oast is made use of, sea coal is mostly employed.
2. A kind of stove for heating apartments, also called cockle-stove. The name is at present given to a large stove furnished with projections or ‘gills’ to give increased radiating power, and generally placed in a specially constructed air-vault in the basement.
1774Blagden Heated Room in Phil. Trans. LXV. 116 An oblong-square room..heated by a round stove, or cockle, of cast iron, with a tube for the smoke. 1833J. Holland Manuf. Metal (Cabinet Cycl.) II. 178 Churches..and other large buildings are now commonly heated by means of a cockle. [1836S. Laing Resid. Norway 313 The most expensive article in every room is the stove or kakle-oven, which although only of cast iron, and very rudely formed, costs about 20 dollars.] 1842–76Gwilt Arch. §3053 The high temperature stoves, such as the cokles..consist of large metal plates or surfaces of brick or stone. 1845W. Bernan Warming & Ventil. II. 207 The next step was to place the cockle, or kakle, as Mr. Laing writes it, in a separate chamber.
b. Sometimes applied to ‘the body or fireplace of an air stove’, and to ‘the hemispherical dome on the crown of a heating furnace’.
1810R. Buchanan Econ. Fuel 242 All kinds of stoves are more or less dangerous, and..particularly so, when the coakle or pan cracks or is burnt out..The coakles, in many situations, soon fail in some part. 1844C. Hood Warming Buildings 220 This case or cockle is enclosed in another case of brick or stone placed so as to allow a space of three or four inches or more between them. 1879Ibid. (ed. 5) 224 Another form of the cockle-stove..consists of a cast iron cockle, on the outer side of which are a great number of projecting plates.
▪ VI. † cockle, n.6 Obs.
A miner's name for the mineral Black Tourmaline.
1761Da Costa Tourmalin in Phil. Trans. LII. 446 The miners of Germany vulgarly call them Schirl, and sometimes our English miners name them Cockle and Call. 1788Cronstedt's Min. I. 148 A deep green cockle-spar. Ibid. I. 202 Schörls or cockles.
▪ VII. cockle, n.7
[perh. transferred from cockle n.1, the grains being compared to the black seeds.]
A disease of wheat produced by a nematoid worm (Tylenchus tritici), whereby the grains become black and deformed like pepper-corns.
1862Chambers Encycl., Ear-cockles. 1867J. Hogg Microsc. ii. iii. 572 In the ears of wheat affected with the blight termed the cockle.
▪ VIII. [cockle, n.8
explained as ‘a little or young cock (obs.)’: an error in Johnson founded on a misprint of cocke; corrected by Todd, but nevertheless repeated by later compilers.]
▪ IX. † cockle, a. Obs.
[perh. attrib. use of cockle n.2]
Whimsical. Hence cockle-brained, cockle-headed.
1708Motteux Rabelais iv. lxvi. (1737) 272 May a million of..Devils anatomize thy Cockle brain. 1818Scott Rob Roy xxi, He's crack-brained and cockle-headed.
▪ X. cockle, v.1|ˈkɒk(ə)l|
[cf. Fr. coquiller to form coquilles i.e. inflated elevations or blisters on the crust of bread. Cotgrave (1611) has coquiller{ddd}to fashion anything like a shell; also recoquiller to wriggle, writhe, turn into itself{ddd}like a gold or silver thread where it is broken; recoquiller un livre, to rumple or turn up the leaves of (a book). But if this is the source, the word must have subsequently taken up other associations in English.]
In senses 1 and 2, now chiefly techn. or dial.
1. intr. Of cloth, paper, or the like: To bulge out in parts so as to present an uneven, wrinkled, or creased surface; to go into rucks, to pucker.
1552–1691 [see cockling vbl. n.1]. 1599Hakluyt Voy. II. i. 162 The sorting together of Wools of seuerall natures, some of nature to shrinke, some to hold out, which causeth cloth to cockle and lie vneuen. 1711Swift Jrnl. to Stella 23 Oct., They said that English silk would cockle. 1873H. Spencer Stud. Sociol. xi. 270 This wrought-iron plate is not quite flat: it sticks up a little here towards the left—‘cockles’ as we say. 1877N.W. Lincolnsh. Gloss., Cockle-up, to blister, expand irregularly, curl up as paper does when wetted. 1888Sheffield Gloss., Cockle, to wrinkle. Said of woollen goods when they have been rained upon.
2. trans. To cause to pucker, to wrinkle, crease.
1691T. H[ale] Acc. New Invent. 94 It..helps to crack and cockle the thinner parts. 1808Ann. Reg. 1806. 442 Which book is bent and cockled up, evidently appearing to have been soaked through by the wet.
3. intr. To rise into short tumbling waves: see cockling ppl. a. 2. [This sense is of doubtful origin: it approaches also the next word.]
▪ XI. cockle, v.2 dial.
[Related to coggle v. and to cocker v.2; probably onomatopœic and immediately associated with coggle, joggle. But in its use, there is also sometimes association with the unsteady equilibrium of a cockle-shell or of a cockle-shell boat on the water. Cf. cockly2, and Sc. cockle-cootit, having loose ankle-joints.]
To oscillate unsteadily, as a round stone when stepped on, or a boat when people stand up in it.
1781Hutton Tour Caves (E.D.S. 1873), Cockle, to be unsteady and easily shaken down. 1869Lonsdale Gloss. 1876Holderness Gloss., Cockle, to shake through standing insecurely. ‘It'll cockle ower.’ (Also in South of Scotl.)
▪ XII. † cockle, v.3 Obs.
[Has the form and sense of a diminutive or iterative of cock v.5, or of cock n.1: cf. fondle, etc., and see cocker v.1 But cf. 16th c. Du. kokelen, keukelen ‘to nourish or cherish in the kitchen’ (Kilian).]
= cocker v.1
1570Levins Manip. 159/20 To cockle, cherish, indulgere. 1579Twyne Phisicke agst. Fortune ii. xliii. 218 b, The hardnesse of a father is many tymes profitable for the sonne: cocklyng is alwayes to be condemned. See also Cotchell. |