| 释义 |
▪ I. clove, n.1|kləʊv|
Forms: 1 *clufu, pl. clufe, 4 clof, 5 clowe, 4–7 cloue, 6– clove.
[OE. clufu f., corresp. to MLG., MDu. klōve, clōve, Du. kloof, cleft:—OTeut. *kluƀâ-, *kloƀâ-; f. weak-grade stem of *kleuf-, cleave. Closely related to OHG. chlobo masc., MHG. klobe, ON. klofi, cleft, cloven thing. Cf. OHG. chlobolouh, chlofolouh, MHG. klobelouch, knobelouch, mod.G. knoblauch, MLG. kloflôk, MDu. cloflooc, Du. knoflook, ‘garlic’, lit. ‘clove-leek’.]
1. One of the small bulbs which make up the compound bulb of garlic, shallot, etc.
c1000Sax. Leechd. II. 336 Twa clufe þære clufehtan wenwyrte. Ibid. II. 350 Garleaces .iii. clufe. c1314Guy Warw. (A.) 3644 Bodi & soule no nouȝt þer-of No is nouȝt worþ a lekes clof. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. x. (Tollem. MS.), Of euery cloue of garlek set comeþ a plaunte. c1440Promp. Parv. 84 Clowe of garlykke [1499 cloue of garlek or other lyke]. 1530Palsgr. 206/2 Clove of garlyke, teste dail. 1551Turner Herbal i. B iiij b, When it [Wild Garlic] is rype it hathe sede in the tope euen lyke vnto the cloues whyche growe in the roote but they are lesse. 1695Westmacott Script. Herb. 79 Garlick is propagated by its Cloves (as well as by its Seed). 1879Addison Econ. Cookery 17 A few cloves of garlic.
2. A natural division or segment of a fruit.
1634Sir T. Herbert Trav. 183 The Jacke..within is soft and tender, full of golden coloured cloves including graines flat and globous. 1699W. Dampier Voy. II. i. vii. 125 Within this shell the Fruit [Mangosteen] appears in 3 or 4 cloves, about the bigness of the top of a man's thumb. These will easily separate each from the other. 1707W. Funnell Voy. x. 286 The fruit..lies in Cloves almost like Garlick.
†3. One of the divisions of a cloven hoof; cf. cloof. Obs.
1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1673) 95 The outward hoof in his fore-legs is longer and greater then the inward, and contrary in the hinder: and the inward clove thereof is longer and greater. Ibid. 467 A fat Sheep..whereof the inward hoofs or cloves of his fore-feet were grown to be as long as eight fingers are broad.
▪ II. clove, n.2|kləʊv|
Forms: 4–6 clow(e, (5 clawe, ? clewe, cloyfe, pl. cloys), 5–7 cloue, (6 cloaue, pl. close), 6– clove.
[ME. clow(e, a. F. clou, in full clou de girofle, ‘girofle nail’ (see clove-gillyflower), clou being a popular addition to the original name girofle, from the resemblance of a single bud of the girofle, with its stalk, to a nail, clou, L. clāvus. In Sp. it is clavo, Pg. cravo.
The phonetic history of the word in English contains points of difficulty. Originally clowe, cloue was, like the Fr., undoubtedly |kluː|, which would in due course have become clow. It is surmised that in the 15–16th c. spelling cloue, u was taken to mean v, as in moue, loue, etc. (cf. approve v.2); but it is not known how such a change in the spoken word occurred as to give the modern pronunciation, which is perh. already indicated by the 15th c. spelling cloyfe (= clōve), is suggested by the pl. close in 1555, and is implied in the Shakes. quot. of 1588.]
1. a. The dried flower-bud of Caryophyllus aromaticus, much used as a pungent aromatic spice. (Usually in pl.)
oil of cloves, an essential oil obtained from the buds and flower-stalks of the clove-tree, and used in medicine.
1225–1400 [see clove-gillyflower 1]. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. lxxix. (Tollem. MS.), Clowes ben calde Gariophili, and ben perfyte frute with scharpe sauoure. 1401Mem. Ripon (Surtees) III. 208 Et in ij unc. cloys empt. 12d. c1420Liber Cocorum (1862) 44 Cast powder of peper and clawes [elsewhere clowes] þer to. c1440Promp. Parv. 84 Clowe, spyce, gariofolus. 1481Caxton Myrr. ii. x. 90 Other trees there growe..whiche bere cloues. a1500Nominale in Wr.-Wülcker 714/1 Hic gariofilus, a cloyfe. 1538Turner Libellus A. iij b, Cariophillon quod aliqui clauum uel clauos uocant..angli uocant Clowes. 1555in W. H. Turner Select Rec. Oxford 226 For close and mase..xiiijd. 1588Shakes. L.L.L. v. ii. 654 B. A Lemmon. L. Stucke with Cloues. D. No clouen. 1633G. Herbert Temple, Size ii, What though some have a fraught Of cloves and nutmegs. 1747Wesley Prim. Physic (1762) 108 A drop or two of Oil of Cloves.
fig.1645Milton Colast. Wks. (1851) 348 A Divine of note..stuck it heer and there with a clove of his own Calligraphy, to keep it from tainting.
†b. Transl. of Gr. ὄνυξ, L. ungula. Obs.
1535Coverdale Ecclus. xxiv. 15 (21), I haue made my dwellinges to smell as it were of rosyn, Galbanum, of Clowes [ὄνυξ, ungula, 1611 onix] and Incense.
2. The tree, Caryophyllus aromaticus, originally a native of the Moluccas, but now cultivated in various tropical countries. (More fully clove-tree.)
1594Blundevil Exerc. v. xi. (ed. 7) 554 The Clove tree groweth in the Iles of Moluccas. 1693Sir T. P. Blount Nat. Hist. 54 The Clove-Tree groweth in Form much like to our Bay-Tree. 1832Veg. Subst. Food 348 The clove is a handsome tree. 1872Yeats Growth Comm. 214 Amboyna was fixed upon for the exclusive growth of the clove. 1876Harley Mat. Med. 611 The Clove is an elegant evergreen shrub.
3. wild clove (-tree): Eugenia (Pimenta) acris, of the West Indies.
1866Treas. Bot. 300.
4. cloves.
†a. ? = clove bark (see 6). Obs.
1712E. Cooke Voy. S. Sea 261 The Bark they call Cloves, us'd for dressing of Meat, and dying.
b. A cordial consisting of spirits strongly flavoured with the spice.
1852Dickens Bleak Ho. xxxiii, The house has not done so much in the stomachic article of cloves..since the Inquest.
5. Short for clove-pink, or clove-gillyflower.
1746–7Hervey Medit. (1818) 129 Who teaches the clove to stay till hotter beams are prepared to infuse a spicy richness into her odours, and tincture her complexion with the deepest crimson? 1882Garden 13 May 324/2 We begin to enjoy our Cloves and Carnations out-of-doors.
6. Comb. clove-bark, the bark of Cinnamomum Culilawan, which has a flavour of cloves; † clove-basil, an old name of Ocymum basilicum, so called from its smell (Gerarde, 1597); clove-brown, the colour of cloves, a medium shade of brown; † clove-carnation = clove-pink; clove-cassia, -cinnamon, the bark of Dicypellium caryophyllatum; clove-nutmeg, the fruit of Agathophyllum aromaticum, a native of Madagascar; clove-pink, a clove-scented species of Dianthus: see clove-gillyflower; clove-root, a name for Herb Bennet, Geum urbanum; † clove-stuck a., stuck with cloves.
1697W. Dampier Voy. (1698) I. xi. 316 They have plenty of *clove bark, of which I saw a Ship-load. 1705Lond. Gaz. No. 4146/4 Clove Bark 4 Bales.
1795Kirwan Elem. Min. (ed. 2) I. 273 Its colour is *clove brown. 1887W. Phillips Brit. Discomycetes 346 Scattered, erumpent, clove-brown, shortly stipitate. 1948A. L. Rand Mammals E. Rockies 211 Colour in summer, clove-brown, mingled with deep reddish and yellowish browns.
1598Sylvester Du Bartas i. vii. (1641) 60/1 Anon his nose is pleased with fragrant sents of..*Clove-Carnation.
1866Treas. Bot. 229 The *clove-pink is the origin of all the cultivated varieties of carnations, as picotees, bizarres, and flakes.
Ibid. s.v. Geum, The root of this plant [G. urbanum], called by the old herbalists *Clove-root, has an aromatic clove-like odour.
1599Marston Sco. Villanie ii. vii. 206 That Westphalian gamon *Cloue-stuck face.
▪ III. clove, n.3|kləʊv|
[Represents Anglo-Lat. clavus, Anglo-Fr. clou, both very frequent in laws and ordinances of 13th–15th c. It is thus identical with L. clāvus ‘nail’, which was also used as a lineal measure (see nail); but how the measure and weight were related is not known. Nor does it appear how the Eng. form of the word came to be clove, although its phonetic history may have been parallel to that of clove n.2
(There can hardly be any connexion with Ger. kloben, of flax and wool, Grimm 1218, 8 a–c.)]
A weight formerly used for wool and cheese, equal to 7 or 8 lbs. avoirdupois.
a1328Liber Custumarum (Rolls) 63 Et la trone dount il peserount doit estre de xxii clous. Ibid. 107 Quæ quidem trona continet in se quatuor pisas et quatuor clavos. 1342Let. Edw. III in Rymer V. 327 (Du Cange) Quatuor clavos lanæ. a1419Liber Albus (Rolls) 227 Mais sil [i.e. sak de leyne] conteigne pluis qe xii clous. 1431Act 9 Hen. VI, c. 8 Que le poys dune Waye [dune] formage puisse tenir xxxij cloves, cetassavoir chacun clove vij li. par les ditzpoisez cochantz. 1542Recorde Gr. Artes (1575) 203 In Cheese..the verye weightes of it are Cloues and Weyes: so that a Cloue shoulde contayne 7 pounde. 1588Wills & Inv. N.C. (1860) II. 163, iij hankes and iiij cloves of yarne 1/8d. 1619Dalton Countr. Just. lxv. (1630) 149 A weigh of cheese must containe 32 cloues and every cloue 8.l of averdepois weight. 1708Kersey, Clove, is also a Term us'd in Weights: Thus 7 Pounds of Wooll make a Clove, but in Essex 8 Pounds of Cheese and Butter go to the Clove. 1863Morton Cycl. Agric., Weights & Meas. (E.D.S.), Clove of Cheese, 7 lbs., sometimes 8.
▪ IV. † clove, n.4 Obs.
[prob. a. ON. klofi cleft, split, groove = OHG. chlobo, MHG. klobe:—OTeut. kloƀon- f. root of cleave v.1 Cf. clof.]
A cleft or split.
1593Rites & Mon. Ch. Durh. (1842) 80 A paynted staffe, with a forke or clove on the upper end of the staffe, which clove was lyned with softe silke and soft downe.
▪ V. clove, n.5 U.S.
[a. Du. klove, also kloof, in MDu. clove, MLG. klove fem. split, cleft: see clove n.1]
A rocky cleft or fissure; a gap, ravine: used (chiefly in place-names); see quot. 1828.
(The word kloof referring to South Africa is the same.)
1779A. St. Clair in Sparks Corr. Amer. Rev. (1853) II. 303 A clove which runs round that ridge on which the forts are situated. 1828Webster, Clove, a cleft; a fissure; a gap; a ravine. This word, though properly an appellative, is not often used as such in English; but it is appropriated to particular places..as, the Clove of Kaaterskill, in the state of New-York, and the Stony Clove. It is properly a Dutch word. 1883Harper's Mag. Sept. 530/1 The word clove..means only cleft, and these clefts occur frequently in the mountains.
▪ VI. clove, v. trans.|kləʊv|
[f. clove n.2]
a. To spice with cloves.
b. To stick (a lemon, onion, etc.) with cloves (fig. in quot. 1863).
1863Reade Hard Cash I. 246 The ship was cloved with shot, and peppered with grape. 1883N. & Q. 10 Feb. 106/1 New ale highly cloved, sweetened, and drunk hot.
▪ VII. clove, pa. pple.
Short form of cloven, formerly frequent, still occas. in verse; rarely as adj.
c1400Rom. Rose 550 A clove chinne eke had she.
Also in certain Combs., as † clove-board (in 7 cloe-, cloven) = clapboard (cf. the form claw-board); clove-footed (see cloven-footed); † clove-hammer (in 7 cloe-), a hammer with the head cloven on one side into two claws for extracting nails (cf. the form claw-hammer); clove-hook, an iron clasp in two parts which move on the same pivot and overlap each other, used for bending chain-sheets to the clews of sails, etc. Also clove-hitch.
1561in Rogers Agric. & Prices II. 414 *Clove-board. 1565Act 8 Eliz. c. 9 §1 The Cloveboard and Stuff whereof the said Vessels and the Hoops thereof should be made. 1666[see cloeboard]. 1670R. Coke Disc. Trade 21 This Vigilant Queen, taking notice of the great decay of Timber occasioned by converting the same into cloven board. 1887Rogers Agric. & Prices V. 523 There are at least twelve entries of clove, clap, or claw board, generally bought for the navy.
1480Wardr. Acc. Edw. IV (1830) 139 *Clovehamer, j. 1623[see cloe-hammer].
1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., *Clove-hook, = clasp-hook.
▪ VIII. clove|kləʊv|
pa. tense of cleave v. |