| 释义 |
▪ I. circuit, n.|ˈsɜːkɪt|
Forms: 4–6 cir-, cyrcuyt(e, 4–7 circuite, (5 -cute, sircuyte, 6 cyrcute, -cuite, -quet, 7 cercuit, syrkett,) 4– circuit.
[a. F. circuit, ad. L. circuitus going round, f. circu(m)īre, f. circum round + īre to go.]
1. a. The line, real or imaginary, described in going round any area; the distance round; the compass, circumference, containing line or limits.
1382Wyclif Ecclus. xliii. 12 See the bowe..He cumpaside heuene in the circuyt [1388 cumpas] of his glorie. c1386Chaucer Knt.'s T. 1029 The circuit a myle was aboute Walled of stoon and dyched al with oute. c1400Mandeville xviii. 187 Java..is nyghe 2000 Myle in circuyt. 1570Billingsley Euclid i. iv. 14 The circuite or compasse of a triangle is a line composed of all the sides of a triangle. 1593Shakes. 3 Hen. VI, i. ii. 30 To weare a Crowne, Within whose Circuit is Elizium. 1652Needham Domin. Sea Advt. 2 The circuit of this Sea..must contein above 1200 miles. 1704Addison Italy (1766) 124 Sheltered with a noble circuit of woods and mountains. 1847Grote Greece IV. ii. lii, A rude Circuit of stones, of unknown origin.
†b. concr. = circlet, diadem. Obs.
1593Shakes. 2 Hen. VI, iii. i. 352 The Golden Circuit on my Head, Like to the glorious Sunnes transparant Beames.
†c. fig. ‘Round’, ‘circle’. Obs.
1673Lady's Call. i. §4. 29 If a poor country gentlewoman fall within their circuit, what a stock of mirth does she afford them. 1752Johnson Rambler No. 206 ⁋8 A feast within the circuit of his acquaintance.
d. A road built or used mainly for motor-racing.
1935Eyston & Lyndon Motor Racing i. 4 The idea of ‘closed’ circuits was conceived—that is, courses from which normal traffic is diverted. 1935Encycl. Sports 421/2 With few exceptions the closed circuit type of race has been the only type to survive... The Ardennes circuit race of 1904 was won by Heath on a Panhard. Ibid. 423/2 In 1929–30–31 important races were run over a road circuit in Phoenix Park, Dublin. 1955Times 14 May 8/5 After stewards of the meeting had toured the circuit practising was allowed to proceed.
2. a. The space enclosed by a given circumference or boundary; area, extent, tract.
1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 58/4 On the morn ther laye lyke dewe All aboute in their circuyte. 1494Fabyan v. lxxxiii. 60 A large and great circuyt of grounde, vpon the whiche he shortly after buylded and sette a large and stronge Castell. 1535Act 27 Hen. VIII, c. 27 The scites and circuites of all such religious houses. 1590Earl of Essex in Ellis Orig. Lett. ii. 214 III. 82 A great circuit of ground in a very good soyle. 1711Pope Temp. Fame 309 The sound That fills the circuit of the world around. 1765Act 5 Geo. III, c. 26 Preamb., All those houses, scites, circuits, and precincts. 1856Bryant Poems, June vi, The pomp that fills The circuit of the summer hills.
b. fig. Sphere of action, etc.
1597J. Payne Royal Exch. 21 Then may that circuit be counted happie conteyninge so vertuouse an examplar. 1719De Foe Crusoe (1840) II. vi. 133 If you give me leave to meddle so far in your circuit.
3. a. The action of going or moving round or about; a circular journey, a round. b. A round-about journey or course; a detour.
1413Lydg. Pilgr. Sowle v. i. 70 The spyeres entercounted to geders in their circute..about the erth. 1530Palsgr. 177 Cyrcvite, a cyrcute, a goyng or compassynge about a thyng. 1611Bible Ps. xix. 6 His going forth is from the end of the heauen, and his circuite vnto the ends of it. 1687Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) I. 405 Bishop Leybourn is going a circuit to confirm the new converts. 1724Swift Drapier's Lett. Wks. 1755 V. ii. 127 The bell-man of each parish, as he goes his circuit. 1785Reid Int. Powers 263 Either in a straight course, or by some circuit. 1795Gibbon Autobiog. 78, I devoted many hours..to the circuit of Paris. 1812Woodhouse Astron. viii. 49 Its [the clock's] index or hand ought to perform an exact circuit in the course of a day. 1856Kane Arct. Expl. I. xxii. 274 They..could only advance by long circuits. 1876Green Short Hist. vii. §6 (1882) 407 After completing the circuit of the globe.
c. fig.; esp. of time: Revolution, round. † by circuit: at regularly recurring times (obs.).
1601Cornwallyes Disc. Seneca (1631) 72 When the daies cercuit is finished. 1651R. Wittie tr. Primroses's Pop. Err. iii. 149 It is good to give nothing to them that have fits by circuit. 1661Ussher Power Princes ii. (1683) 235 Many circuits of years I pray you may live. 1784Cowper Task iv. 119 Fancy, like the finger of a clock, Runs the great circuit, and is still at home. 1878Huxley Physiogr. xx. The circuit of changes is completed in the course of a year.
d. Phrases (sometimes influenced by 4), as in † to go, ride, walk circuit = one's round. to † fetch, make, take a circuit: to make a detour, take a circuitous or round-about course. to make or go the circuit of: to go round, go the round of. † to run circuit with (fig.): app. to follow the same lines as, to be concomitant with.
1547Boorde Introd. Knowl. 163 To fetch the cyrcuyte about Christendome. 1551Robinson tr. More's Utop. 72 Fetching about a circuite or compasse. 1609Bible (Douay) 1 Kings xviii. 6 They divided the countries..that they might goe circuite about them. 1645Milton Colast. Wks. (1851) 356 The rest of this will run circuit with the union of one flesh, which was answer'd before. a1655Vines Lords' Supp. (1677) 4 The destroying angel, that rode circuit that night. 1665Manley Grotius' Low C. Warres 295 Verdugo..got past the Rhine, by taking a long Circuit. 1751Chatham Lett. Nephew ii. 5 Your letter..after making a considerable circuit to find me. 1826B. Disraeli Viv. Grey ii. xii. 59 Now the Marquess..‘went the circuit’, that is to say, made the grand tour of the suite of apartments. 1838Murray's Hand-Bk. N. Germ. 448 The pedestrian..should make a circuit to the left. a1876J. H. Newman Hist. Sk. II. i. i. 5 Making a circuit of the neighbouring towns.
e. A course or round of various athletic exercises.
1957Duncan & Bone Oxf. Pkt. Bk. Athletic Training (ed. 2) iii. 25 A ‘circuit’ is composed of a series of simple exercises..for development of strength, stamina..agility, and speed.
4. spec.
a. The journey of judges (or other persons) through certain appointed areas, for the purpose of holding courts or performing other stated duties at various places in succession; the visitation of the judges for holding assizes.
1494Fabyan vii. 344 Iudgys ordeyned to kepe a cyrcuyte, as nowe they kepe the sysys in the tyme of vacacyon. 1503–4Act 19 Hen. VII, c. 7 §1 The justices of assises in ther cyrcuyte or progresse in that shyre. 1592Greene Art Conny Catch. iii. 5 What hee spake of either came to him by examinations, or by riding in the circuits. 1611Bible 1 Sam. vii. 16 He went from yeere to yeere in circuit to Bethel, and Gilgal, and Mizpeh, and iudged Israel. 1675H. Teonge Diary (1825) 95 He goes his syrkett every yeare in the nature of on of our Judges. 1768Blackstone Comm. III. 58 They usually make their circuits in the respective vacations after Hilary and Trinity terms. 1848Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 637 It was thought desirable that the Western Circuit should not begin till the other circuits had terminated. 1851Thackeray Eng. Hum. iii. (1858) 114 The judges and the bar ride the circuit. 1861Willes in Ex parte Fernandez, 30 Law J.C.P. 338 The law gives to the Justices of Assize during their circuits the aid and control of the sheriff of each county.
fig.1654Whitlock Zootomia 538 When Christ shall go his circuit to judge the World in Righteousnesse. 1657Hinchley in Spurgeon Treas. Dav. Ps. lviii. 11 A time when God will ride his circuit here in a solemn manner.
b. concr. Those making the circuit; the judges and barristers; now esp. the latter.
a1714Burnet Own Time II. 413 The circuits went round the country [of Scotland] as was directed by the proclamation. 1862Lond. Rev. 30 Aug. 182 The days when the Northern Circuit rode on horseback across the marshes. 1875Helps Ess., Organiz. Daily Life 183 A leading member of the Circuit.
c. A route regularly followed by an itinerant entertainer; a number of places of entertainment (theatres, music-halls, etc.) at which the same productions or entertainers are presented successively; a group or chain of theatres, cinemas, etc., under the control of one person or company.
1839Dickens Nich. Nick. xxx. 300 If he only acted like that, what a deal of money he'd draw! He should have kept upon this circuit. 1840― Old C. Shop xxxvii. 304 It's our reg'lar summer circuit is the West. 1842Ainsworth's Mag. II. 565 Elliston..became soon the favourite ‘leader’ on the York ‘circuit’. 1889Cent. Dict., Circuit, a number of theaters controlled by one manager. 1908Daily Chron. 31 Oct. 1/4 The De Frece circuit of music-halls. 1913[see cinematograph theatre s.v. cinematograph n. b]. 1944Ann. Reg. 1943 345 The 600 cinemas of the Odeon and British Gaumont circuits. 1965G. Melly Owning-Up vi. 71 It was Jim's job to book bands and send them up to play for anything between one week and three on Duncan's circuit.
5. The district or division of country through which the judge makes his circuit.
There are now eight such districts in England and Wales, each including several counties, viz. the Northern, North Eastern, Midland, Western, Oxford, Home or South Eastern, North Wales, and South Wales Circuits.
1574Rich Dial. Mercury & Eng. Soldier, Euerye petye Constable of euerye Parrysh within his cyrquet. 1642Chas. I Lett. Judges of Ass. 5 July (1641) 6 Some of the ablest Lawyers who ride that Circuit. 1649Selden Laws Eng. i. iv. (1739) 10 Their Country they divided into Counties or Circuits all under the government of twelve Lords. 1753Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v. Justiciary, The country [Scotland]..is divided into three circuits, the south, west, and north. 1882W. Ballantine Experiences v. 51 In choosing a circuit, a barrister..is bound by his first choice.
6. A territorial division of the Methodist churches, comprising a number of congregations lying around some central town or place, and supplied by a series of itinerant preachers.
1766Wesley Wks. (1872) III. 256 The Societies in this Circuit increase. 1791Hampson Mem. Wesley III. 73 Every part of Britain and America is divided into regular portions, called circuits; and each circuit, containing twenty or thirty places, is supplied by a certain number of travelling preachers, from two to three or four, who go round it in a month or six weeks. 1839Penny Cycl. XV 142 A number of these circuits..are united and known as a district. 1885Minutes Wesleyan Conf. 43 Each of the places mentioned in these Stations..is the head of a circuit.
7. Electr. The course traversed by an electric current between the two poles of a battery; the path of a voltaic current.
1746W. Watson Seq. Exper. & Obs. 26 Several experiments shew, that the electrical force always describes a circuit. 1756in B. Franklin Exper. & Observ. Electr. (1769) 280 Whether a river..may not be made part of the circuit through which the electric fire passes? instead of the circuit all of wire. 1800Med. Jrnl. IV. 122, I certainly saw the spark at the time of completing the circuit. 1839G. Bird Nat. Philos. 199 With the largest circuit yet employed, their union appears to be absolutely instantaneous. 1870Tyndall Lect. Electr. 2 Interrupting the circuit..Establishing the circuit. 1878Foster Phys. iii. i. 394 Closing a galvanic circuit. 1881Spottiswoode in Nature No. 623. 546 When the circuit is broken, so that the current is interrupted..the wire resumes its ordinary condition.
†8. Roundabout process or mode:
†a. of speech or expression: circumlocution. Obs.
1552Huloet, Circuit in wordes, ambages. 1605Bacon Adv. Learn i. iv. §2 New terms of art to express their own sense, and to avoid circuit of speech. 1672Marvell Reh. Transp. i. 27 This design of his he draws out in such a circuit of words.
b. of reasoning or the like.
1594Hooker Eccl. Pol. ii. 98 By long circuit of deduction it may be that euen all truth out of anie truth may be concluded. 1633Donne Poems (J.), Thou shalt not peep thro' lattices of eyes, Nor hear thro' labyrinths of ears, nor learn By circuit or collections to discern. 1836I. Taylor Phys. Th. Another Life (1857) 15 Or at best demonstrate its reality by a circuit of reasoning.
c. Law. esp. circuit of action = circuity.
a1626Bacon Max. & Uses Com. Law vi. 29 The law in many cases..turneth a man over to a further circuit of remedy. 1670Blount Law Dict., Circuit of Action..is a longer course of proceeding to recover the thing sued for then is needful. 1751in Chambers Cycl.
9. Path. The period of a disease. (Syd. Soc. Lex.)
10. attrib. and in Comb., as circuit barrister, circuit counsel, circuit-commission, circuit-journey, circuit-judge, circuit-room, circuit table, etc. (sense 4); circuit-superintendent, circuit-work, etc. (sense 6); circuit-binding (see quot.) = yapp; circuit-breaker, an instrument which at regular intervals interrupts an electric current; circuit-closer, any device for closing an electric current; circuit-court, in Scotland, a court held periodically in the principal towns, similar in function to the English assize; in U.S. (a) Federal courts intermediate in authority between the District Courts and the Supreme Court of the U. S. (see Kent Commentaries I, ch. on Constitution); (b) various State Courts so-called for different reasons in particular States; circuit (fore) edge, a flexible projection to the binding of a book; circuit-preacher, -rider U.S., an itinerant preacher serving a circuit (sense 6); circuit-steward, a principal member in the Methodist circuit nominated yearly by the superintendent; circuit training, the performance by an athlete of repeated circuits (sense 3 e, above).
1850C. Phillips Curran and his Contemp. 82 Egan was then a *circuit barrister in good practice.
1909Webster, *Circuit binding, a style of binding for books having flexible projections of the covers, called circuit edges, that fold and meet so as to close in the edges of the book.
1874Knight Dict. Mech. s.v. Rheotome or *circuitbreaker. 1879G. B. Prescott Sp. Telephone 251 A delicate circuit-breaker..arranged to break the circuit of a telegraph line at the vibration.
1768Blackstone Comm. III. 354 The judges are sure to come and open the *circuit commissions on the day mentioned.
1708Royal Proclam. 11 July in Lond. Gaz. No. 4456/1 We hereby Appoint..the said *Circuit-Courts of Justiciary to be Holden..Twice in the Year. 1843Penny Cycl. XXVI. 17 The Circuit courts have appellate jurisdiction from the district courts. They have exclusive cognizance of offences against the United States. 1844Ld. Brougham Brit. Const. App. (1862) 419 This power of adjudging a law unconstitutional is also possessed by the Circuit Courts of the United States.
1905Westm. Gaz. 4 Apr. 12/2 In vellum binding with *circuit fore-edge.
1801Deb. Congress 9 Jan. (1851) 902 His travelling expenses were trifling compared with those of the *Circuit Judges. 1831Amer. Almanac 197 The eight circuit judges [of New York state] are vice-chancellors for their respective circuits. 1844H. H. Wilson Brit. India II. 529 The Circuit Judge was authorised to require immediate decision.
1830E. Williams New-York Ann. Reg. 291 Other towns [of Franklin County, N.Y.] have no settled ministers—Supplied by *circuit and other preachers. 1834J. M. Peck Gaz. Illinois i. 89 The Illinois Conference [of the Methodist Episcopal Church]..has..fifty-six circuit preachers. 1872Eggleston End of World xxxix. 245 Then he stepped to the door and called in the circuit preacher.
1837J. Cutting in A. Wetmore Gaz. Missouri 333 When Patsy gets her eye on the greyhound, she'll feel a heap gladder than when the *circuit rider comes round! 1838Flagg Far West II. 61 A little, portly, red⁓faced man..announced himself a Baptist circuit-rider. 1864Congress. Globe 17 May 2317/3 As peripatetic as a tin-peddler's cart or a Methodist circuit-rider. 1909N.Y. Even. Post (semi-weekly ed.) 23 Sept. 5 A last survival was he of the old circuit rider of early Methodism.
1839Penny Cycl. XV. 142/1 About the termination of every quarter, the ministers, *circuit-stewards, etc., meet.
1882W. Ballantine Experiences I. 66 John Locke..was the very soul of the *circuit-table.
1957Duncan & Bone Oxf. Pkt. Bk. Athletic Training (ed. 2) iii. 25 *Circuit training has only recently been given some practical development. 1964Even. Standard 3 Dec. 30/1 We call it circuit training because it consists of a series of exercises..each designed to bring into play a different set of muscles.
▪ II. circuit, v.|ˈsɜːkɪt|
[f. prec. n.]
1. a. trans. To go, pass, move, or travel round; to make the circuit of, compass about.
1549Compl. Scot. 48 The thyng that circuitis this last tent hauyn or fyrst mobil, is immobil. 1601Munday Death Earl Huntington i. iii, My son, With several troops hath circuited the court. 1669Gale Crt. Gentiles i. i. ix. 45 The Phenicians circuited the greatest part of the habitable world. 1774T. Warton Hist. Eng. Poetry III. 246 Geryon having circuited the air like a faulcon towering without prey..vanishes. 1879Proctor Pleas. Ways Sc. v. 119 Some..comet, circuiting the sun in about eleven years.
†b. fig. To compass in thought, circumvent, get round. Obs.
a1613Overbury Charac. Noble Spirit Wks. (1856) 61 He circuits his intents, and seeth the end before he shoot.
2. intr. To go or move in a circuit.
[1549Compl. Scot. 51 The sune circuitis and gais about the eird euyrie xxiiij houris.] 1611Bible 1 Sam. vii. 16 He went from yeere to yeere in circuit [marg. circuited] to Bethel and Gilgal and Mizpeh. 1617Collins Def. Bp. Ely ii. vii. 264 They must runne circuiting and fetching a compasse about by the Saints. 1690Wood Fasti Oxon. I. 31 (L.) It did not become a doctor to circuit for an inferior degree. 1708J. Philips Cyder (J.), Unless the cordial cup perpetual motion keep Quick circuiting. 1875Proctor Expanse Heav. 112 The moon as she circuits round the earth.
3. trans. To form (an electric wire) into a circuit. Hence ˈcircuited ppl. a.
1895Pop. Sci. Monthly Apr. 758 A circuited instead of a simple overhead wire. |