| 释义 |
shot-hole
[shot n.1]
1. a. A hole made by the passage of a shot.
1745Capt. Durrell Jrnl. 20 May in J. S. McLennan Louisbourg (1918) 177 We had several Shott holes in all our sides. 1801Nelson 22 Apr. in Nicolas Disp. (1846) VII. p. ccvii, The Infordestein..was desired to be sunk, which she soon was as no person stopped her shot-holes. 1907J. H. Patterson Man-Eaters of Tsavo v. 55 They had..induced one of their fellow workmen to make a few holes like shot holes in their backs.
b. transf. ‘A hole made in wood by a boring insect’ (Webster 1911).
[1889E. A. Ormerod Rep. Observations Injurious Insects 94, I found that the injury [to the tree] began by a small hole like a shot-hole in the side of the attacked stem. ]1946Nature 13 July 52/2 Dry rot..is the result of the operations of fungi, and not of insects—the attacks of the latter being usually discernible by the presence of small pin or ‘shot’ holes in the wood. 1972Gloss. Terms Timber (B.S.I.) 17 Shothole, a worm-hole usually more than 1·5 mm and not more than 3 mm in diameter.
c. A small round hole made in a leaf by a fungus or bacterium; also, a condition in which such holes occur.
1897[implied in sense 4 below]. 1902D. McAlpine Fungus Dis. iii. 33 There is a very familiar appearance in the leaves of many of our stone-fruit trees, where they are more or less punctured with round holes, as if riddled with shot; hence the name ‘shot-hole’ applied to the injury. 1926F. D. Heald Man. Plant Dis. ii. 33 Some varieties are more prone to shot hole whenever localized areas of leaf tissue are killed. 1946H. Wormald Dis. Fruits & Hops 143 The chief agent of leaf spotting in plums is the organism which causes Bacterial Canker... Eventually the infected parts are killed and drop out, leaving ‘shot holes’. 1976A. Hellyer Collingridge Encycl. Gardening 259 Small round holes appear in the leaves, a symptom which is sometimes known as shot-hole and was once believed to be a separate disease [from bacterial canker caused by Pseudomonas morsprunorum].
2. arch. A small hole in a fortified wall through which to shoot. (Often in Scott.)
1818Scott Br. Lamm. x, A small projecting window, or shot-hole, through which, in former days, the warders were wont to reconnoitre those who presented themselves before the gates. 1845Stocqueler Handbk. Brit. India (1854) 236 The whole having, in addition to shot-holes, embrasures, &c., an abundance of glazed windows.
3. Mining. A hole bored in the rock in which to insert a blasting-charge.
1875J. H. Collins Metal Mining 58 Boring machines..for the purpose of boring these ‘shot-holes’.
4. Comb., as shot-hole borer, a small bark beetle of the family Scolytidæ, esp. Anisandrus dispar (cf. scolytid); shot-hole disease, a plant disease characterized by shot-holes in the leaves; shot-hole fungus, a fungus which causes shot-holes, esp. in certain fruit trees.
[1890E. A. Ormerod Man. Injur. Insects (ed. 2) 331, I found that the cause of the injury was the ‘Shot-borer’ Beetle (as it is called in America).] 1916Farmers' Bull. (U.S. Dept. Agric.) No. 763. 2 The shot-hole borers or barkbeetles burrow into the bark. 1968Oxf. Bk. Insects 190/2 The Shot-hole Borer.., one of the Ambrosia Beetles, is found locally in southern England.
1926F. D. Heald Man. Plant Dis. xx. 511 The disease [sc. cherry leaf spot] is known by various common names, such as ‘leaf blight’, ‘leaf spot’, ‘yellows’, ‘yellow leaf’, and the ‘shot⁓hole disease’. 1946Shot-hole disease [see abscission 3].
1897W. G. Smith tr. von Tubeuf's Dis. Plant ii. 463 Phyllosticta persicae... The name ‘shot-hole fungus’ has sometimes been applied to this and allied forms. 1906M. C. Cook Fungoid Pests 131 A shot-hole fungus has been found lately, several times affecting Peach leaves in this country. |