| 释义 |
chronic, a.|ˈkrɒnɪk|
Also 7 chronique, 7–8 chronick(e.
[a. F. chronique ad. L. chronicus, a. Gr. χρονικ-ός, of or concerning time, f. χρόνος time; see also -ic. In late L., chronicus was extended by the physicians to qualify diseases (sense 2), for which the Gr. word was χρόνιος. Caelius Aurelianus wrote a work De Morbis acutis et chronicis.]
†1. Of or relating to time; chronological. Obs.
1605Broughton Corrupt. Handl. Relig. 26 There was no Chronique observation in record before Eratosthenes..compiled one.
2. a. Of diseases, etc.: Lasting a long time, long-continued, lingering, inveterate; opposed to acute.
1601Holland Pliny II. 391 These long diseases which be called Chronique. 1655H. Vaughan Silex Scint. ii. 193 Chronic pains, which surely kill, though slow. 1788J. C. Smyth in Med. Commun. II. 174 The disease..becomes more or less acute or chronic. 1813J. Thomson Lect. Inflam. 128 Chronic inflammations are found to differ from the acute, not only by the greater degree of mildness, but, in some instances, by a real or apparent absence of the constitutional symptoms or fever by which inflammation is usually accompanied. 1858J. Martineau Stud. Chr. 220 Pestilence, which had become chronic in Italy.
b. So with invalid, and the like.
1842A. Combe Physiol. Digestion (ed. 4) 198 Chronic invalids and persons of a delicate habit of body. 1861Emerson Soc. & Solit. Old Age Wks. (Bohn) III. 131 The chronic valetudinarian.
3. transf. Continuous, constant. Used colloquially as a vague expression of disapproval: bad, intense, severe, objectionable; also something chronic adv. phr., severely, badly.
1860Mill Repr. Govt. (1865) 30/1 A state of chronic revolution and civil war. 1864Linnet's Trial II. iii. v. 44 Most women have a chronic horror of anything resembling a court of justice. 1871E. F. Burr Ad Fidem viii. 142 Chronic doubts require chronic relieving. [1896in Ware Passing Eng. (1909), Chronic..Ceaseless, persistent. ‘Oh! Joe's chronic.’ ‘Charley's Aunt's chronic’,—said of a piece that ran perpetually.] 1904Kipling Traffics & Discov. 288 Oh, it's chronic 'ere of a Saturday sometimes. 1909in Ware Passing Eng. 75/1 ‘Oh, that theatre's chronic’—means that never is a good piece seen there. 1910H. G. Wells Mr. Polly ii. 41 It's made my eyes water something chronic. 1915Scotsman 26 Jan. 5/3 ‘The weather is chronic,’ says a Seaforth Highlander. 1926‘J. J. Connington’ Death at Swaythling Court ix. 164 He puts a dash of whisky into the paraldehyde to disguise the taste, which is a chronic one, I can tell you. 1942L. A. G. Strong Slocombe Dies xv. 67 The men in these parts are something chronic... They won't do anything till some time after we're due to start.
4. subst. = Chronic invalid, sufferer, etc.
1886Pall Mall G. 18 Aug. 11/2 We question whether the late donor intended his sanatorium to be filled with chronics.
▸ n. slang (orig. U.S., in the language of rap and hip-hop). Marijuana; spec. (a type of) high-grade or particularly potent marijuana. Also with the.
1992A. Young et al. Fuck wit Dre Day (song, perf. ‘Dr. Dre’ & ‘Snoop Doggy Dog’) in Hip-hop & Rap (2003) 106 Dr. Dre droppin' chronic once again. 1993Vibe Sept. 52/2, I don't smoke marijuana, and besides, the chronic is so potent. 1998R. Price Freedomland i. i. 16 Coming off the George Washington Bridge,..a baggie of chronic right up on the dashboard. 2004Toronto Star (Nexis) 3 Aug. d1, I was dealing the chronic..and I got a call to meet a regular customer.
▸ chronic factitious disorder n. (also chronic factitious disorder with physical symptoms) Psychiatry = Munchausen n.
[1968Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 18 169 Chronic factitious illness. Munchausen's syndrome.] 1980Diagnostic & Statist. Man. Mental Disorders (ed. 3) 285 *Chronic Factitious Disorder with Physical Symptoms, often referred to as Munchausen syndrome, is the best known and most frequently reported of the Factitious Disorders. 1989Psychoterapy & Psychosomatics 52 164 This paper suggests that when using the original criteria by Asher, the syndrome [sc. Munchausen's] constitutes a subtype of chronic factitious disorders, specially characterized by factitious illness, peregrination, pseudologia fantastica and dramatic admission circumstances. 1994Jrnl. Internal Med. 236685 A 23-year-old female student exhibited all the characteristics of chronic factitious disorder with physical symptoms (Munchhausen's syndrome): deliberate simulation of illness, peregrination, fantastic pseudology and dramatic circumstances on admittance.
▸ chronic fatigue n. persistent fatigue (fatigue n. 1a or 1c); (later also) short for chronic fatigue syndrome n. at Additions.
1908Proc. Royal Soc. (B.) 80 51 The muscle..responds only to some of the stimuli in the rapid series.., thus substituting *chronic fatigue for acute exhaustion. 1947S. H. Bartley & E. Chute Fatigue & Impairment in Man xix. 381 Chronic fatigue has long been recognized as the common accompaniment of the large majority of human ills, but, until quite recently, has been somewhat neglected as a clinical picture in its own right. 1952Psychosomatic Med. 14 311/2 Characteristically in the patient with chronic fatigue, the stressful activity is implicit rather than explicit. 1975Chest 67 164 They [sc. patients with periodic sleep apnoea] are chronically sleep-deprived, a manifestation expressed by daytime somnolence, chronic fatigue and often by personality disturbances marked by paranoia, agitated depression and hostility. 1990Sydney Morning Herald 28 Apr. 6/5 No-one knows what Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is, but doctors have at last described what it is not... For sufferers whose chronic fatigue had been dismissed for years as depression, hypochondria, malingering or even ‘yuppie flu’, the acceptance is belatedly welcome. 2001Evening Times (Glasgow) (Nexis) 26 Apr. 11 Hepatitis C often causes chronic fatigue and liver cancer and just having the infection can make it difficult to get a mortgage.
▸ chronic fatigue syndrome n. Med. any syndrome characterized by a persistent feeling of fatigue; spec. a condition of unknown origin (though sometimes occurring after a viral infection) characterized by debilitating fatigue and any of a variety of other non-specific symptoms such as headache and myalgia, also called myalgic encephalomyelitis; cf. yuppie flu n. at yuppie n. Additions.
1947S. H. Bartley & E. Chute Fatigue & Impairment in Man xix. 388 The main complaint of these patients was that of feeling tired. They awoke in the morning feeling just as fatigued as they did on going to bed at night... The *chronic-fatigue syndrome showed a tendency toward recurrence. 1957Science 27 Sept. 611/1 In patients other than schizophrenic, DMAE produces relief of periodic headache, functional bowel distress, and chronic fatigue syndromes. 1987Chicago Tribune (Nexis) 8 Feb. 4 Experts on the Epstein-Barr virus said that while they believe there have been some people suffering a chronic fatigue syndrome, much research must be done before the cause will be clear. 1994New Scientist 14 May 23/1 I'm not going to die, but with chronic fatigue syndrome you don't ever get your life back. It will never be the same again. 1996Oxf. Textbk. Med. (ed. 3) I. vii. 1035/2 The nature, pathology, and aetiology of this syndrome remain controversial, so the purely descriptive term chronic fatigue syndrome is generally preferred. |