| 释义 |
▪ I. † tho, dem. pron. and a. (rel. pron.), pl. Obs.
Forms: see below.
[OE. þá, nom. and acc. pl. of se, séo, þæt, simple demostrative, that, and definite article, the; = OFris. thâ, OS. thia (also m. thie, the, f. the, n. thiu, OHG. m. die, dia, dê, f. dio, dia, dê, n. diu, dei, ON. m. þeir, f. þǽr, n. þau, Goth. m. þai, f. þôs, n. þô. The original form þá, thā remained in the northern dialect, where it still exists as Sc. thae, theae, N. Yorksh. theeä: see thae. In midl. and south of England þā became reguarly þō (found in Kentish a 1200), and remained in use as tho (thoo, thoe) to c 1550. As early as 1300 it began to be supplanted in the north by þās, and later in the south by þōs, which finally took its place in Standard Engl. as those, q.v.]
A. Illustration of Forms.
(α) 1–3 ðá, 1–5 þá, (3 þæ), 4 þaa, 4–6 tha, Sc. þai, thai, thay [6– Sc. thae, q.v.]. Early inflexions: dat. 1 þǽm, þám, 2–3 þan, þon, 3 þen. gen. 1 þára, þǽra, ðeara, 2–3 þare, þere.
c825Vesp. Psalter ii. 10 Alle ða ðe doemað eorðan. c1000Ags. Gosp. Mark iv. 10 Þa twelfe þe mid him wæron. c1200Ormin 429 Swa ne didenn nohht ta twa Þatt we nu mælenn ummbe. Ibid. 2796 Þa menn þatt wel himm follȝhenn. c1205Lay. 9180 Seoððe him comen þæ [c 1275 þe] tiðinde of Crist godes childe. 1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 6435 Aparty of þa paynes sere. 13..Cursor M. 6448 (Cott.) To þaa þat gret birþin bar. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints iv. (Jacobus) 317 To þai discipulis þe kynge Had granttit..þar askine. c1560A. Scott Poems (S.T.S.) ii. 16 Tha stalwart knychtis. [1583–: see thae.]
dat.c893K. ælfred Oros. i. i. §7 Betux þæm twæm ean sindon þas land Arocasia & Parthia. Ibid. ii. vii. §2 On þæm daᵹum. c1000Ags. Gosp. Matt. iii. 1 On þam [Rushw. In þæm] daᵹum com iohannes se fulluhtere. c1160Hatton Gosp. Matt. v. 44 Doð wel þan [Ags. G. þam] þe eow yfel doð. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 47 Swich þeu wes bi þan daȝen. c1205Lay. 747 Cuð he wes þen cnihten [c 1275 þeos cniþtes]. 1340Ayenb. 11 To alle þon þet wyleþ by yborȝe. Ibid. 30 Of þan þet hi byeþ yhealde uor te amendi.
gen.c825Vesp. Psalter xiii. 3 Ðeara [L. quorum] muð awerᵹednisse & bitterniss ful bið. c893K. ælfred Oros. i. i. §16 Þara wæron syx stælhranas. c1000Ags. Ps. (Th.) ii. (heading) ælc þæra þe þysne sealm sincgð. c1175Lamb. Hom. 135 On ðere monne heorte. c1205Lay. 1776 Þere Freinsce monnen [c 1275 of þe Frense mennene]. Ibid. 3346 Heo sende..to þare cnihtene inne. a1250Owl & Night. 1584 (Cott.) On þare beire nede.
(β) 2–3 þeo.
c1175Lamb. Hom. 47 Alle þeo þe ihereð godes weordes. c1205Lay. 9056 Þeo cudden Kinbeline. a1225Leg. Kath. 360 Cleopest þeo [MS. C. þoa] þinges godes. c1300Beket 721 Nameliche theo for alle other.
(γ) 2–4 þo, (3 to), 3 þoa, 4 þoo, 4–6 tho, thoo, (5 thow), 6 thoe.
c1175Lamb. Hom. 79 Þo þet weren imakede engles. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 139 And bi þo daȝes luuede herodes.. his broðer wif. 1388Wyclif Prov. iv. 22 For tho ben lijf to men fyndynge thoo. c1460Wisdom 689 in Macro Plays 58 Now wyll we thre do make a dance Off thow þat longe to owur retenaunce. 1521Fisher Wks. (1876) 316 In thoo causes that perteyne vnto god. 1526Tindale Rev. ii. 10 Feare none off thoo [Coverd. tho; Gt. Bible those] thynges which thou shalt soffre. 1553Becon Reliques of Rome (1563) 238 All thoe that fraunches of holye Churche breake.
B. Signification.
I. Dem. pron.: pl. of that B. I.; = those I. (they, them).
Often indistinguishable from 3rd pers. pron. they. The ME. north. and Sc. þa often ran together with þai, þay, they.
1. In general sense.
c893K. ælfred Oros. i. i. §21 Þa habbað him sylf cyning. Ibid. i. i. §11 Binnan þæm sindon moneᵹa þeoda. c1000Sax. Leechd. I. 290 Heo hafaþ leaf sinewealte and ða bittere on byrgincge. [Cf. those I. 2 b.] c1205Lay. 6403 Þeo [c 1275 hii] fihten wið þone duke. a1300E.E. Psalter cxxiii[i]. 6 Þat noght gaf us swa In taking of tothe of þa. a1310in Wright Lyric P. vii. 29 Ne lete for non of tho. 13..Cursor M. 8817 (Gött.) Þus þa [C., F. þai, Tr. þei] proued it thre days. 1388Wyclif 1 Kings vi. 12 If thou..kepist alle my comaundementis, and goist bi tho [1382 hem; L. per ea]. 1390Gower Conf. I. 52 Tho be proprely the gates, Thurgh whiche..Comth alle thing. 1434Misyn Mending Life ii. vi. 116 Be þame þa wote endles lyfe to wynn. c1440Generydes 888 Peraventour I myght be on of thoo. 1573Satir. Poems Reform. xlii. 231 Quhair ar tha? 1596Dalyrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. x. (S.T.S.) II. 298 Sa tha facht that betueine thame was amissing a thousand or thairabout. a1600Montgomerie Misc. Poems xiv. 9, I am not one of tho.
2. As antecedent pronoun followed by a relative clause or its equivalent: = those B. I. 4.
c825Vesp. Psalter cxxxiv. 2 Ða ðe stondað in huse dryhtnes. c1000Ags. Ps. (Th.) v. 5 Þu hatast ealle þa þe unriht wyrcað. a1175Cott. Hom. 219 Heo ȝescop ȝesceafte þaða he wolde. c1200Ormin 53 Þa þatt wærenn gode menn. c1205Lay. 6420 Þeo [c 1275 þaie] þat hit iseȝen. a1225Ancr. R. 32 Habbeð reouþe of þeo þet beoð ine. c1300Harrow. Hell 82 Alle þo þat bueþ heryne. c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 13903 Seide Arthur þen to þo þer ware. 13..Cursor M. 1529 (Cott.) Þaa [v. rr. þai, þei] þat þa [þer, þir] wonders werkes wroght. c1385Chaucer L.G.W. 1531 (Hypsiphyle) Alle tho that lyuyn & been dede. c1400Rule St. Benet 12 Of þe þridde maner o mekenes spekys sain benet to þa in his ruel wyl be. c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) iii. 10 Þa þat schafes þaire berdes. 1463Bury Wills (Camden) 29 The chymes, as wel tho that been in Seynt Marie stepill as tho that been [etc.]. c1475Rauf Coilȝear 802 The maist man of all tha That euer he had sene. 1509Fisher Wks. (1876) 271 Blessyd are tho whiche haue made vertuous ende. a1533Ld. Berners Huon lvii. 193 All tho in your company. 1553Becon Reliques of Rome (1563) 238 b, All thoe yt be common robbers.
II. Dem. adj.
3. Plural of that B. II.; = those II.
c893K. ælfred Oros. i. i. §16 Þa deor hi hatað hranas. Ibid. §17 On þæm morum eardiað Finnas. a1123O.E. Chron. an. 1119, Þa tweᵹen cyngas..mid heoran folcan. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 51 Þo word muneȝeð us. c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 461 Custume was bi þo dawes. 13..Cursor M. 2590 (Cott.) Als it was hight befor þaa [v.rr. þa, þas] dais. c1386Chaucer Prol. 500 Out of the Gospel he tho wordes caughte. 1412–20Lyd. Chron. Troy i. 1755 Al-þei he were a paynym in þo dawes. 1502Arnolde Chron. (1811) 146 Whoo kysseth thoo crosses hath v. C. yere of pardon. 1526Tindale Acts xviii. 17 Gallio cared for none of tho thynges. 1553Kennedy Compend. Tract. in Wodrow Soc. Misc. (1844) 108 The juge that wes in tha days.
b. In concord with a n. antecedent to a relative.
c893K. ælfred Oros. i. i. §22 Ealle ða menn ðe swyftoste hors habbað. Ibid. §25 Þa land þe man hæt Gallia Bellica. c1000Ags. Ps. (Th.) iii. (heading), ælc þæra manna þe þisne sealm singð. 1122O.E. Chron., Ealle þa gersumes þe þær binnen wæron. c1175Lamb. Hom. 125 Ða songes þa we nu singeð. 1382Wyclif Prov. i. 22 Tho thingus that ben noȝesum to them. 1418Hen. V in Proc. Privy Counc. (1834) II. 244 Al þoo personnes þat been oure sugettes. c1450tr. De Imitatione iii. i. 64 Blessid be þo eres þat receyueþ of goddys rounynge. 1526[see A. γ]. 1579Spenser Sheph. Cal. Sept. 32 In tho countryes, whereas I haue bene.
4. Plural of definite article the.
c825Vesp. Psalter v. 6 Ne ðorhwuniað ða unrehtwisan biforan eᵹum ðinum. c850O.E. Chron. an. 2, And þa cild on Bethlem of slæᵹene wærun for Cristes ehtnesse from Herode. c893K. ælfred Oros. i. i. §15 Þa Finnas, him þuhte, and þa Beormas spræcon neah an ᵹeþeode. c1000Ags. Gosp. Matt. v. 5 Eadiᵹe synt þa liðan [Lindisf. ða milde], forþam þe hi eorðan aᵹun. a1123O.E. Chron. an. 1116, Eallæ þa husas. Ibid. an. 1117, Þurh þa renas. c1175Lamb. Hom. 11 Þa halie daȝes. c1200Moral Ode (Egerton MS.) 192 He scal deme þo quike and to dede. a1300Cursor M. 861 (Cott., Gött.) He wend to hide him amang þa [F., Tr. þe] tres.
III. 5. Relative pron., plural of that rel. pron.
c825Vesp. Psalter viii. 4 Steorran ða ðu ᵹesteaðulades. c1000Ags. Ps. (Th.) cxliii. 9 Fremdra bearna, and frecenra, Þara [L. quorum] muðas sprecað man-idel word. c1175[see 3 b]. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 21 Us..and alle þo nede habbeð. c1205Lay. 7121 For uncuðe leoden þeo þis londe habbeð bi-wunnen. Ibid. 6415 Alle þa [c 1275 þe] he funde. Ibid. 7789 He sette reuwen stronge & hæȝen þo fengen þa lond-gauel. 1422tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 160 His Sonnes tha wickyd men were. a1425Cursor M. 5237 (Trin.) Manassen and effraym þo [earlier MSS. þat] in egipte his wif him bare whiche [v. rr. þat, þe quilk] þe kyng had geten him þare.
▪ II. tho, adv. (conj.) Obs. exc. dial.
Forms: 1–4 þá, (1 ðá, tha), 2–5 þo, (5 þoo), 3 þeo, þeoa, ðoa (ta, to), 4 þaa, þae, 4–5 thoo, 4–7 (dial. –9) tho, (5–6 thoe).
[OE. ðá, þá = ON. þá (Norw. daa, Sw. då, Da. da) then, when; orig. a case-form of the demonstr. stem þa- of the, that; either the actual acc. sing. fem., OE. and ON. þá, or (as some think) a stressed form of the orig. acc. masc.; meaning ‘that time’, the n. being omitted: cf. L. tum, tam. (But cf. also the sense-equivalent OS. thô, thuo, OHG. dô, duo.) In ME. þā remained in the north, but c 1200 regularly became þō, thō in midland and south. Tho, thoa still remains = then, at that time, in the south-west.]
1. As demonstrative adv.: Then.
a. At that time: = then adv. 1. Now dial. (In quot. c 1385 preceded by a prep.: = then adv. 7.)
c893K. ælfred Oros. i. i. §14 Þa for he norþryhte be þæm lande. c897― Gregory's Past. C. 2 Hu ᵹesæliᵹlica tida þa wæron ᵹeond Angelcynn. c1000ælfric Hom. II. 378 Hit mæᵹ eow nu fremian swa micclum swa hit ða mihte. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 51 Nimeð forbisne efter þe olde men þe þo weren. a1225Juliana 9 As me luuede þa. a1300Cursor M. 6383 (Cott.) Þis mete þat þai war fed of þaa [v.rr. þo, þan] Þai cald it..manna. c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 7936 Þe kyng þankede God þo. Ibid. 16261 Þider cam nought þo Osewy. c1385Chaucer L.G.W. 1060 (Dido) The queene..had herde ofte of Eneas er thoo. 1390Gower Conf. I. 6 Tho was the lif of man in helthe, Tho was plente, tho was richesse. c1420Chron. Vilod. 46 Fiue maner of pepull here dwellyd þo. 1513Douglas æneis i. vi. 68 As was the maner tho. 1549–62Sternhold & Hopkins Ps. lxxviii. 6 They and their posteritie, Which were not sprong up tho. 1600Sheph. Slumber in Eng. Helicon (1887) 222 In peascod time..I went to gather strawberries tho. 1888Elworthy W. Som. Words, Tho, adv. of time, then. Still the usual form here... ‘Her told'n he should have his money, but her 'adn a-got it tho.’
†b. (Next) after that, upon that, thereupon: = then adv. 3. Obs.
c700Cædmon Hymn 7 He aerist scop..heben til hrofe..Tha middunᵹeard [etc.]. c893K. ælfred Oros. i. ii. §1 Þa æt nyhstan he wæs feohtende wið Sciððie. a1000Juliana 594 Þa se dema wearð hreoh & hyᵹegrim. 1131O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1127, Siððen þa nam he þes kynges wifes swuster of France to wife. a1175Cott. Hom. 225 Þo warð god toðan swiðe ȝegremed þurh manna mandede. c1200Ormin 225, & ta þeȝȝ wisstenn sone anan Forr whatt he dwelledd haffde. a1225Ancr. R. 428 Ette mete no word, oðer lut, & þeo beon stille. c1275Lay. 3616, Þo [c 1205 þon] nam Leir þe king his leofeste cnihtes. c1386Chaucer Sompn. T. Prol. 18 Vn-to this Angel spak the frere tho. 1470–85Malory Arthur xvii. i. 689 Whanne Galahad had rescowed Percyual..he yede tho in to a waste foreste. 1579Spenser Sheph. Cal. Jan. 11 Tho to a hill his faynting flocke he ledde. 1642H. More Song Soul i. ii. xxxv, Tho I gan closely on his person look.
†2. As relative or conjunctive adv.: When, at the time that. (Often correlative to þa in sense 1.)
Beowulf (Z.) 462 Ða hine gara cyn,..habban ne mihte. c893K. ælfred Oros. i. i. §20 Ða he þiderweard seᵹlode..þa wæs him on þæt bæcbord Denamearc. 971Blickl. Hom. 19 Hwæt he dyde þa hine seo meneᵹo þreade. 1154O.E. Chron., Þa þe king was ded þa was þe eorl beionde sæ. c1175Lamb. Hom. 11 Þa ten laȝe þe þa israelisce folc sceolde halden þa he heom ledde of egipte londe. a1225Ancr. R. 314 He was lutel child þeoa he hit dude. a1250Owl & Night. 1690 Ah hit was unker uoreward, Þo we come hiderward. c1250Death 20 in O.E. Misc. 168 We weren poure þa we hider come. 13..K. Alis. 1648 (Bodl. MS.) Afterward þoo it was niȝth, Hij founden [etc.]. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. Prol. 176 Ac þo þe belle was ybouȝt..Þere ne was ratoun..Þat dorst haue ybounden þe belle aboute þe cattis nekke. c1425Seven Sag. (P.) 183 Uppon morwen, tho it was day, The childe awakid.
†b. Also followed by the conj. (þa þe), in same sense: = When that, when. See the particle 2 a.
c1000Ags. Psalter (Surtees) xlviii. 21 Ða ðe he in are wes. a1175Cott. Hom. 219 Þaðe hi wolde mid modinesse beon betere þonne he ȝesceapen were. Ibid. 223 Þaðae he slep þa ȝename he ribb of his sidan. c1175Lamb. Hom. 79 Þa þe he heuede scome aȝeines his scuppende þa he hefde þurst and hunger.
▪ III. tho, þo
obs. inflexions of the.
▪ IV. tho, tho'
abbrev. forms of though. |