| 释义 |
quartz Min.|kwɔːts|
[a. G. quarz (first in MHG.) of uncertain origin: hence also Du. kwarts, F. quartz, It. quarzo.]
1. A widely diffused mineral, massive or crystallizing in hexagonal prisms; in a pure form consisting of silica or silicon dioxide (SiO2), but varying greatly in colour, lustre, etc., according to the different impurities it contains.
Quartz forms the rocks quartzite and sandstone, and is an important constituent in granite, gneiss, and other rocks. It frequently contains gold, and is largely mined and crushed for the purpose of extracting this metal (cf. quots. in 2). The numerous varieties are chiefly denoted by adjs. descriptive of their structure or colour, as (1) amorphous, asteriated (star-quartz), capped, cavernous, compact, (crypto-) crystalline, fibrous, grained, radiated, sagenitic, sparry, etc., (2) blue (siderite or sapphire-quartz), brown or smoky (cairngorm, morion), green (chrysoprase, prase), milky (milk-quartz), purple (amethyst), red, rose, yellow (citrine), etc.; also Babel or Babylonian quartz, found in Devonshire, showing on its under-surface the impression of the crystals of fluor-spar on which it was deposited. The colourless crystalline variety is known as rock-crystal.
1756Observ. Isl. Scilly 71 White debas'd Crystal (which the Germans call Quartz). 1772tr. Cronstedt's Min. 57, I shall adopt this name of quartz in English as it has already gained access into other European languages. 1831Brewster Optics xvii. §94. 151/2 Among the crystals best fitted for exhibiting the phenomena of positive double refraction is rock crystal or quartz. 1859R. F. Burton Centr. Afr. in Jrnl. Geog. Soc. XXIX. 107 Boulders of primitive formation, streaked with snow-white quartz. 1879Rutley Stud. Rocks x. 150 Quartz is infusible before the blowpipe, insoluble in all acids except fluoric acid.
2. attrib. and Comb.
a. attrib. in sense ‘consisting of quartz’, or ‘containing quartz’, as quartz-boil (see quot. 1869), quartz-crystal (cf. quartz clock, watch in sense c), quartz dolerite, quartz-fret (poet.) [fret n.1], quartz-gritstone, quartz lead [lead n.2 6 a], quartz leader [leader1 13 c], quartz-lode, quartz-pebble, quartz-porphyry, quartz-reef, quartz-rock, quartz-sand, quartz-schist, quartz-slate, quartz-vein, etc.; quartz glass, a glass consisting almost entirely of silica; = silica glass.
1869R. B. Smyth Gold Fields Victoria 618 Quartz-boil, an outcrop of a quartz reef on the surface, or an outburst or extension in width of the reef beneath it.
1802Playfair Illustr. Hutton. Th. 326 Granites containing quartz-crystals. 1933K. Henney Radio Engin. Handbk. vii. 167 Piezo-electric quartz crystals provide standards of frequency, when permanently connected into suitable vacuum-tube circuits and allowed to oscillate continuously. 1959R. H. Baker Astron. (ed. 7) iii. 77 In the quartz-crystal clock now in use in observatories, a quartz crystal controls the frequency of an electronic oscillator, imposing its natural frequency of vibration on the current. 1970Observer (Colour Suppl.) 3 May 27/1 The quartz crystal clock; most accurate domestic time⁓piece of all. 1977T. Allbeury Man with President's Mind vii. 66 It was a small quartz-crystal watch.
1911G. W. Grabham in C. T. Clough et al. Geol. Glasgow District iv. 146 A very interesting feature of the quartz dolerites is their instability at temperatures slightly above the consolidation point. 1970R. J. Small Study of Landforms iii. 73 Among the more important of these are..quartz⁓dolerite sills of the areas inland from Dippin Head.
1883G. M. Hopkins Poems (1967) 96 All The thick stars round him roll Flashing like flecks of coal, Quartz-fret, or sparks of salt, In grimy vasty vault. 1903Amer. Jrnl. Sci. CLXVI. 469 Quartz glass.—A very full account of the behaviour of this material has been given by H. Heraeus. 1912J. W. Mellor Mod. Inorg. Chem. xl. 773 Quartz glass is used for the manufacture of elastic threads to suspend the delicate parts of electrical instruments. 1941Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) V. 606/1 Quartz glass has an extremely small coefficient of linear thermal expansion,..and articles made from it can be heated to redness and quenched in cold water without fracture. 1965Phillips & Williams Inorg. Chem. I. xiv. 553 Soda-glass is conveniently worked at a lower temperature than borosilicate glass, and the latter at a lower temperature than quartz glass.
1789Saunders in Phil. Trans. LXXIX. 82 It is known to mineralists in that state by the name of quartz gritstone.
1866‘Mark Twain’ Lett. from Hawaii (1967) 272 There are hundreds of men in California who are sitting on their quartz leads..and hoping for the day when they will pay. 1884R. C. Reid Rambles on Golden Coast N.Z. x. 105 A slate face in which there are numerous quartz-leaders.
1877Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 218 Very little work has been done..on quartz-lodes.
1869R. B. Smyth Gold Fields Victoria 283 Quartz reefs are richer as they increase in depth.
1833Lyell Princ. Geol. III. 367 Beds of pure quartz rock.
1843Portlock Geol. 170 Mica slate passing into quartz slate.
1802Playfair Illustr. Hutton. Th. 167 Vertical strata much intersected by quartz veins.
b. attrib. in other senses, obj., and obj. gen., chiefly in terms relating to the extraction of gold from quartz, as quartz-battery, quartz-crusher, quartz-crushing adj., quartz-gold (see quot. 1874), quartz-mill, quartz-mining, quartz-prospecting, quartz-reefing (= mining), etc.
1860H. J. Hawley Jrnl. 22 May in Wisconsin Mag. of Hist. (1936) XIX. 341 There are a Quarts Mills runing which crush the quarts that are raised from the Lodes. 1861L. A. Meredith Over the Straits iv. 133 Quartz⁓reefin's the payinest game, now. 1872Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 17 Some gold quartz-mining enterprises have been in operation. 1874Ibid. 317 It is largely ‘quartz gold’, that is, not rounded and water-worn, but irregular and frequently twisted in form, usually very bright, and always of fine quality, as is the gold of the quartz-veins. 1877Ibid. 220 The discovery..of quartz-claims in the district. This action gave an impetus to quartz-prospecting. 1882Rep. to Ho. Repr. Prec. Met. U.S. 596 Quartz-crushing machines yet to be invented. 1908Chambers's Jrnl. Sept. 640/2 Natthey..had started a little quartz-mill on his claim.
c. Used attrib. to designate devices in which use is made of quartz, usu. for its optical or its piezo-electric properties; as quartz oscillator, quartz spectrograph, quartz temperature sensor; quartz clock, a clock in which great accuracy is achieved by employing a vibrating quartz crystal in an oscillatory electric circuit to determine the frequency of the current; quartz-halogen a., applied to electric light bulbs which have a quartz envelope and contain the vapour of a halogen (usu. iodine) in order to prevent deposition on the envelope of tungsten from the filament; so quartz-iodine a.; quartz lamp, a lamp in which the envelope is of quartz rather than glass, so that ultraviolet light will pass through it; quartz-locked a., maintained at a constant speed of rotation by means of a quartz crystal, employed as in a quartz clock; quartz watch, a watch in which a quartz crystal is employed as in a quartz clock.
1937Ann. Reg. 1936 63 Scheibe and Adelsberger (Phys. Zeit.) described the comparison of three ‘quartz’ clocks with the mean astronomical time obtained from three observatories during the 30 months ending June, 1935. 1976R. Condon Whisper of Axe i. xxii. 144 A collection was taken up to present him with a quartz clock.
1968Listener 21 Mar. 391/3 Headlights..should make use of the extra brightness of the new quartz-halogen lamps. 1970AA Bk. of Car 163/4 Quartz-halogen bulbs do not suffer from blackening as ordinary bulbs do. 1979Arizona Daily Star 5 Aug. c5/3 (Advt.), Quartz-halogen fog light kit. Two fog lights and wiring kit.
1965Economist 27 Feb. 929/2 The new quartz-iodine bulbs are being imported to Britain in growing though limited numbers... In France, quartz-iodine headlamps are now standard equipment for the Citroen Pallas. 1973D. Kyle Raft of Swords (1974) xii. 122 ‘Lights, please.’ He switched them on, pivoting the 1,000-watt quartz-iodine beams downward.
1922Brit. Med. Jrnl. 4 Nov. 852/1 The recognition of the antirachitic action of sunlight..is the outcome of Huldschinsky's observations of the curative effect on rickets exerted by the ultra-violet rays emitted by the mercury-vapour quartz lamp. 1933Burlington Mag. Sept. 139/1 If it [sc. the painting] could be closely studied with all the resources of the quartz-lamp and the microscope it seems hardly possible that it should not betray its later date. 1977McGuinness & Stein Building Technol. xiv. 406/1 The quartz lamp has about three to four times the life of a normal incandescent. 1977Time 14 Nov. 7 (Advt.), First they designed an all-direct-drive-motor-system. Using one motor for each reel and another quartz-locked motor for the tape capstan.
1938Proc. Physical Soc. L. 413 The quartz oscillator not only is widely used for stabilizing the frequency of transmitting stations but also constitutes the most accurate means of recording the passage of time.
1905Astrophysical Jrnl. XXII. 129 From negative by Professor R. W. Wood with quartz spectrograph of the Johns Hopkins University. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. XII. 590/1 Two types of quartz spectrographs are in common use for recording ultraviolet and visible spectra. 1978Sci. Amer. Mar. 144/1 (Advt.), The HP 2804 digital thermometer achieves exceptional accuracy because HP calibrates each quartz temperature sensor.
1974Country Life 5 Dec. 1763 (Advt.), Seiko sold the first quartz watch. 1976Times 5 Feb. 17/5 The quartz watches now being produced fall into two groups..the traditional watch face..and digital watches. |