| 释义 |
▪ I. chimney, n.|ˈtʃɪmnɪ|
Forms: 4 chimenee, chymenay, 4–5 cheminey, chymeney(e, 4–7 chymney, 5– chimney. Also 4 chimenai, chymnee, chemne, chimne, 4–5 chymenei, -neye, chymne, chemney, chemyney, 5 chemeney, -enye, -ene, chymene, chymnei, -eny, -yney, chympne, schimnay, 5–6 chymny(e, 6 chim-, chameney, chyminey, chymnaye, chymmeney, chimnie, -nye, -nej, 6–7 chimneye, 7–8 chimny, Sc. 6 chim-, chymlay, chimblay, 8 chimla, 8–9 (also dial.) chimlie, -ley, -ly, chumley, -lay; also dial. and vulgar chimbly.
[ME. chimenee, etc., a. OF. (and mod.F.) cheminée fireplace, and chimney, corresp. to It. cam(m)inata fireplace, room with a fireplace:—late L. camīnāta, deriv. of L. camīnus ‘furnace, forge, oven’. Pliny (H.N. xvii. xi) has fossūra camīnāta ‘hole dug out oven-shape, wider below’. Caminata as n. occurs in a Frankish document anno 584 ‘solarium cum caminata’. From the persistence of the medial i in OF. it is seen that the word was not an ancient popular word, but a very early adoption of caminata with subsequent phonetic evolution. As the usual sense in med.L. is ‘room with a fireplace’, it is assumed that this was short for camera caminata. The sequence of senses as seen in It., Fr., and Eng. is ‘room with a fireplace’, ‘fireplace’, ‘smoke-vent over a fireplace’.]
†1.
a. A fireplace or hearth. Obs. exc. dial.
a1330Syr Degarre 352 Ase fer out of a chimenai. c1340Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 875 A cheyer by-fore þe chemné, þer charcole brenned, Watz grayþed for Syr Gawan. c1380Sir Ferumb. 2232 Þan was þer on a chymenay a gret fyr þat brente rede. 1461–83Ord. R. Househ. 22 For his [the King's] own person, one chymney brenning day and night. 1632Milton L'Allegro 111 And stretch'd out all the chimney's length Basks at the fire his hairy strength. 1709Steele Tatler No. 79 ⁋1 The Rules of Ben's Club, which are in Gold Letters over the Chimney. 1816Scott Old Mort. xxvii, ‘The honest man thought it was best to gang and sit by the chimley when the reek rase’.
†b. Including the flue or vent over it. Obs.
1519W. Horman Vulg. xvi, The shanke or tonel of the chymney voydeth nat the smoke. 1577Harrison England ii. xii. (1877) i. 239 The multitude of chimnies latelie erected, wheras in their yoong daies..ech one made his fire against a reredosse in the hall. 1596Spenser F.Q. ii. ix. 29 One great chimney, whose long tonnell thence The smoke forth threw. 1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v., The parts of a chimney are the jambs, or sides..the tube or funnel which conveys away the smoke..and the hearth, or fire-place.
†c. ? The ornamental structure of marble, wood, etc., around a fireplace; a chimney-piece.
1538Leland Itin. (1769) V. 79 The Chaumbre wher King Henri the vii. was borne, in Knowlege wherof a Chymmeney is new made with the Armes and Badges of King Henri the vii. 1668Pepys Diary 23 Nov., And so to buy a picture for our blue-chamber chimney. 1863Robson Bards of Tyne 313 Reed roarin' chucks on the chimley aw'll place.
†2. Translating Gr. κάµινος, L. camīnus, furnace.
1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 4368 His fete er like latoun bright Als in a chymné brynnand light. c1550Cheke Matt. xiii. 42 Yi schal throw yem in to y⊇ Chimnej of fijr. 1611Bible 2 Esdras vi. 4 Or euer the chimnies in Sion were hot.
†3. A (portable) fire-grate, fire-pan, stove. Obs.
c1420Anturs of Arth. xxxv, A schimnay of charcole, to chaufen the knyȝte. 15..Burrow Lawes c. 125 §1 (Jam.) [Moveabill heirschip]..ane bag to put money in..ane chimney, ane water-pot. 1558Inv. in J. Croft Excerpta Ant. (1697) 25 Item, one Iron chimley..vj. viij. a1572Knox Hist. Ref. Wks. 1846 I. 177 And so was brought ane chymlay full of burnyng coallis. 1616in Raine Hist. N. Durham 243. [Cf. 1861Our Eng. Home 128.]
4. a. The passage or flue by which the smoke from a fire or furnace ascends and escapes.
c1400Sowdone Bab. 2351 In to Floripas bour. By a Chemney he wente inne. c1440Promp. Parv. 75 Chymney, fumarium. 1538Leland Itin. (1710–2) VIII. ii. 66 b, One thinge I muche notyd in the Haulle of Bolton, how Chimeneys were conveyed by Tunnells made on the syds of the Wauls..and by this meanes, and by no Covers is the smoke..wonder strangly convayed. 1582in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford 424 All chymneys..shall.. be swept fower tymes everie yeare. 1767T. Hutchinson Hist. Prov. Mass. iii. 326 Like to the roaring of a chimney when on fire. 1868Daily News 10 Oct., Mr. Arnold said that the legislature had used a strange expression in the phrase ‘chimney on fire’, which must clearly mean the soot within it.
b. The part of the flue raised like a turret above the roof of a house.
c1340Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 798 Chalk whyt chymnees þer ches he in noȝe, Vpon bastel rouez, þat blenked ful quyte. 1467in Eng. Gilds (1870) 372 That no chimneys of tre ner thached houses be suffred wtyn the cyte. 1494Fabyan vii. 475 It blewe downe stronge & myghty buyldyngs, as toures, steples, houses & chymneys. 1605Shakes. Macb. ii. iii. 60 The Night ha's been vnruly: Where we lay, our Chimneys were blowne downe. 1632Milton L'Allegro 81 Hard by a Cottage chimney smokes From betwixt two aged okes. 1673Ray Journ. Low C. 56 A multitude of Storks..building upon their Chimnies. 1859Geo. Eliot A. Bede 58 Farther on,..they can just see the chimneys of the Hall Farm.
c. Phr. to smoke like a chimney: to smoke (cigarettes, etc.) very heavily.
1840Barham Lay of St. Odille in Bentley's Misc. VII. 172 A German, Who smoked like a chimney. 1870L. M. Alcott Old-Fash. Girl x. 157 Tom lay on the sofa.., reading ‘Pendennis’ for the fourth time, and smoking like a chimney as he did so. 1911A. W. Pinero Mid-Channel iv. 217 Zoe smokes like a chimney.
5. a. The funnel which carries off smoke or steam from a locomotive engine, steam-boat, etc. b. A tube of glass placed over the wick of a lamp to protect the flame and promote combustion.
1816J. Smith Panorama Sc. & Art I. 5 Furnished with a cover and chimney. 1825Hone Every-day Bk. I. 601 They see her [river steamer] lower her chimney to pass beneath the arch. 1857Encycl. Brit. XIII. 171/1 In some lamps..the same effect is produced by the contraction of the cylindrical glass chimney. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 41 The clouds of steam which issue from the chimney of a locomotive engine.
6. transf.
a. Applied to a natural vent or opening in the earth's surface, esp. that of a volcano.
c1374Chaucer Boeth. i. iv. 12 Þe vnstable mountaigne þat hyȝt Veseuus . þat wircheþ oute þoruȝ hys brokene chemineys smokyng fires. 1684–5Boyle Min. Waters 19 Whether at or near the mouth or orifice, of the above mentioned chimneys or vents, there be found..flowers of Brimstone. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 189 The ejected matter has fallen all round the orifice in conical layers..sloping in all directions away from the central chimney. 1887C. F. Holder Living Lights 13.
†b. A vent for humours or ‘fumosities’ of the body. Obs.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. v. ii. (1495) 103 The heed is the chymeneye and helynge [caminus sive tectum sive cooperculum] of alle the body, and therfore it takyth in itself many fumosytees that come out of al the body. 1684Boyle Porousn. Anim. & Solid Bod. iii. 15, I look upon the Windpipe as the great Chimney of the Body, in comparison of those little Chimneys in the Skin, at which the matter that is wasted by perspiration is emitted. 1713Derham Phys.-Theol. v. v, Acute Distempers..arising from a Diminution of Transpiration through the cutaneous Chimneys.
7. In an organ: A narrow tube inserted in the ‘cap’ or top of a stopped metal pipe, which allows a part of the air to escape and has the effect of sharpening the note.
1876J. Hiles Catech. Organ iv. (1878) 28 There are half-stopped pipes which have in the cap or stopper a small tube, or chimney, and hence called, in France, flûte à cheminée. 1880Hopkins in Grove Dict. Mus. I. 538/1.
8. A name given by mountain-climbers to a cleft in a vertical cliff by which it may be scaled, usually by pressing rigidly against the opposite sides.
1871Whymper Scrambles in the Alps 119, I lowered myself through the chimney, however. Mod. The ‘great Chimney’ of the Pillar Rock in Ennerdale.
9. Mining. An ore-shoot (Raymond Min. Gloss.)
1860San Francisco News Let. 20 Jan. 5/1 Silver ore is found in what are termed chimneys,..the lead..dropping sometimes two or three thousand feet, and sometimes turning short. 1873J. H. Beadle Undevel. West xviii. 334 It may be a ‘chimney’ from some lode ten thousand feet away through solid rock. 1873J. Miller Life amongst Modocs xviii. 226 A pouch in the rock—a little ‘chimney’ that nurses a few thousand dollars worth of dust about the flue.
10. General comb., chiefly attrib.:
a. lit., as chimney-fire, chimney-flue, chimney-grate, chimney-ornament, chimney-pier, chimney-smoke, chimney-smutch, chimney-tile, chimney-vault, etc.; chimney-like adj.
1794G. Adams Nat. & Exp. Philos. I. iv. App. 157 The design of a *chimney-fire being to warm a room.
1763Ferguson in Phil. Trans. LIII. 171 The straight bars of a *chimney-grate.
1862Ansted Channel Isl. i. v. (ed. 2) 113 At Moye Point are two *chimney-like holes.
1823J. Badcock Dom. Amusem. 196 Elegant and cheap *chimney ornaments.
1879Sir G. Scott Lect. Archit. I. 298 There are remnants of simple but well-designed *chimney-piers.
1872E. Peacock Mabel Heron I. ii. 16 Far from furnace-glare and *chimney-smoke.
1791Cowper Odyss. xviii. 34 Like an old hag Collied with *chimney-smutch!
1856Emerson Eng. Traits, Race Wks. (Bohn) II. 29 The pictures on the *chimney-tiles of his nursery.
c1820S. Rogers Italy, Naples 124 The ample *chimney-vault is dun with smoke.
b. in sense ‘belonging to the fire-side or chimney-corner, fireside-’ (chiefly depreciatory), as chimney-cavalier, chimney-minstrel, chimney-preacher, chimney-tale, chimney-talk.
16022nd Pt. Return fr. Parnass. iii. ii. (Arb.) 41 Sir Raderick keepes no *chimney Cauelere, That takes Tobacco aboue once a yeare.
1656Trapp Comm. Rev. vi. 13 Rome's dunghill deities, together with their chemarims or *chimney-chaplains, the priests.
1801Wolcott (P. Pindar) Tears & Smiles Wks. 1812 V. 70 *Chimney-minstrels, crickets call'd.
1549Bale in Pref. Cheke's Hurt Sedition (1641) b, These *chimney-Preachers, and bench-Bablers.
a1683Oldham Wks. & Rem. (1686) 53 Old Wives, in Superstition over-grown, With *Chimny-Tales, and Stories best are won.
1649G. Daniel Trinarch., Rich. II, cccxlvi, But it will out; for Chronicles haue made It Common *Chimney talke. 1670Eachard Cont. Clergy 44 Things..that serve for chimney and market-talk.
11. Special combs.: chimney-back, the back of a fireplace; † chimney-bacon, smoke-dried bacon; chimney-bar, an iron bar supporting the masonry above a fireplace; chimney bellflower, ? = chimney-plant; chimney-board, a board used to close up a fireplace in summer; chimney-breast, that projecting part of the wall which is between the chimney-flue and the room; chimney-can = chimney-pot; chimney cap, (a) the top of a chimney, either as an ornament or as a cover; (b) = cowl n.1 4; chimney-cleaner, -cleanser, a chimney-sweeper; chimney-doctor, one who cures smoking chimneys; chimney-glass, (a) the looking-glass commonly placed over a chimney-piece; (b) ‘gardener's name, on the Bombay side of India, for the flower and plant Allamanda cathartica’ (Sir G. Birdwood in Yule); chimney-hat = chimney-pot hat (see chimney-pot); chimney-head = chimney-top 1; chimney-hook, a hook or crook on which to suspend pots and pans over a fire, or for other purposes (see quot.); chimney-jack, (a) a rotating chimney-pot or cowl; (b) = steeple jack (see steeple n.1 7); chimney-jamb (see quot.); chimley-, chimla-lug (Sc.), the side or ‘cheek’ of the fireplace; † chimney-man, the collector of chimney-money; † chimney-mantle, a mantelpiece; chimney neck, the shaft of a chimney; chimney-nook, chimley-nuik (Sc.) = chimney-corner; chimney-plant, a name for Campanula pyramidalis, which is placed as an ornament before fireplaces in the summer (Treas. Bot.); † chimney-publican, a farmer of the chimney-money; chimney rock, (a) Geol., a chimney-shaped body of rock; (b) in Florida, a porous phosphate rock used in building; chimney-shaft = chimney-stalk; † chimney-shank, a flue; chimney-side, one of the two vertical sides of a fireplace; chimney corner, fire-side (obs. or arch.); chimney-stack, (a) a group of chimney-stalks, united in one block; (b) = chimney-stalk (b); chimney-stalk, (a) the part of a chimney which rises, detached, from a house-top; (b) a tall chimney built to carry off the smoke from a mill, factory, etc.; † chimney-stock, (?) one of the upright sides of a chimney or grate; chimney-swallow, (a) the common swallow, Hirundo rustica; (b) = chimney-swift; chimney-swift, a species of swift, Chætura pelagica; chimney-tax = chimney-money; chimney-throat, the narrowest part of a chimney, between the gathering and the flue; chimney-tun (dial.) = chimney-stalk.
1764T. H. Croker, etc. Dict. Arts s.v. Chimney, The mouth of the tube, or that part joined to the *chimney back.
1566Drant Horace's Sat. ii. ii. F v, With better meate..then..*chimnye bacon.
1833Loudon Encycl. Archit. §79 The fire-places to have each a strong iron *chimney-bar. 1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 156/2 Chimney bar, an iron bar supporting the arch over a fireplace opening.
1884Gardening Illustr. 8 Nov. 426/2 A garden of Bell Worts..might include.. the *Chimney Bell⁓flower.
1708S. Centlivre Busie Bod. iv. iv. 64 Can you condescend to stand behind this *Chimney-Board, Sir George? 1796Jane Austen Sense & Sens. xxxviii, She never made any bones of hiding..behind a chimney-board, on purpose to hear what we said.
1843Lever J. Hinton iii. 10 A mirror of gigantic proportions occupied the *chimney-breast.
1824Ann. Reg. 140 Edinburgh—A strong gale..came on from the north-east, and the usual demolition of *chimney-cans, slates, etc. ensued. 1851D. Wilson Preh. Ann. (1863) II. 127 A remarkable class of urns..described in the old Statistical Reports as resembling chimney-cans.
1847Rep. Comm. Patents 1846 (U.S.) 221 What I claim, therefore, as my invention..is a ventilator or *chimney cap. 1910B. Pite et al. Building Construction I. 160 Chimney caps are so usual that the advisability of avoiding heaviness in their arrangement and design may be pointed out.
1906Daily Chron. 20 July 4/6 Mechanical *chimney-cleaner. 1921Dict. Occup. Terms (1927) §924 Sweep, chimney sweep; chimney cleaner. 1952‘R. Crompton’ William & Tramp v. 162 William carried his tin of red paint, Ginger his chimney cleaner.
1905Daily Chron. 11 Jan. 4/7 John Smith or so, ‘*chimney-cleanser’.
1772Acc. in Tomlinson Doncaster (1887) 237 Mr. Allen the *Chimney Doctor, for two chimneys.
1809R. Langford Introd. Trade 81 A *Chimney Glass and a pair of Sconces. 1839Dickens Nich. Nick. xxxii, Sticking the card in the chimney-glass.
1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. iii. iv. iv. (L.) As great Sol scatters his first fire-handful, tipping the hills and *chimney-heads with gold.
1726Neve Builder's Dict. (ed. 2) *Chimney hooks. These are Hooks of Steel or Brass put into the Jambs of the Chimney..for the handle of the Fire-pan, and Tongs to rest in.
1907Westm. Gaz. 16 Mar. 10/1 A competent *chimney-jack was despatched up a rope to work upon the crack.
1726Neve Builder's Dict. (ed. 2) *Chimney⁓jambs. The sides of a Chimney..on the Extremities of which the Mantle-tree resteth. 1887Tourgée Button's Inn 253 ‘I don't know, sir,’ she responded, setting the spider in its place by the chimney-jamb.
1785Burns Ep. to Davie i, While frosty winds blaw in the drift, Ben to the *chimla lug.
a1695Wood Life (1848) 201 The King's revenue in customs, excise, and *chimney men. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. xi. 36 Nor could the Treasury..restrain the chimneyman from using his powers with harshness; for the tax was farmed.
1663Gerbier Counsel 22 The *Chimney⁓mantles ought to be all of Stone or Marble.
1833Loudon Encycl. Archit. §983 Deal sarking..to be laid on each side of the roof and *chimney necks (shafts).
1637B. Jonson Sad Sheph. i. ii, Alken. Where saw you her? Scath. In the *chimney-nuik within. 1788Burns Friar's-Carse Hermitage (2nd version) Seek the chimney-nook of ease. 1816Scott Old Mort. vii, ‘Ilka auld wife in the chimley-neuck’.
1671Butler Rem., In mem. Duval vi, Th' Excise and *Chimney-Publican.
1847in Utah Humanities Rev. (1948) 125 *Chimney Rock was still visible down the River. 1870Congr. Globe App. 26 Mar. 225/2 The marbles of our western border have heretofore served as ‘chimney rock’ for the cabin of the luxurious border farmer. 1877J. Applegate in Trans. Oregon Pioneer Assoc. 1876 IV. 59 The Chimney Rock, Court House, and other bluffs.
1662Gerbier Princ. 9 Exorbitant *Chimney-Shafts. 1879Sir G. Scott Lect. Archit. I. 265 With the fireplace came that other modern feature, the chimney-shaft.
1552Huloet, *Chymney shanke, or tonel, fumarij.
1732Swift Sacr. Test. (J.) Low offices, which some neighbours hardly think it worth stirring from their *chimney sides to obtain. 1824Scott Let. 18 Feb. in Lockhart, An accurate sketch of the windows and chimney sides of the drawing room. 1841–44Emerson Ess. Heroism Wks. (Bohn) I. 104 The nook and chimney-side of prudence.
1840Dickens Barn. Rudge lxiv, Roof and *chimney-stack seemed drunk. 1862Lytton Str. Story 8 Abrupt gables and lofty chimney-stacks. 1883M. P. Bale Saw-Mills 75 An important factor in the economical working of boilers is the correct arrangement of the chimney stack. 1903‘A. McNeill’ Egregious English 48 The top of the factory chimney-stack.
1828Scott Tapestr. Chamb., Ancient wreathed and carved *chimney-stalks. 1866Athenæum No. 2009. 566/2 Two enormous chimney-stalks.
1602How Choose Gd. Wife fr. Bad iii. iii. in Hazl. Dodsley IX. 54 He had a pound of soap to scour his face, And yet his brow looks like the *Chimney-stock. 1652Gaule Magastrom. 181 The crickets chirping behind the chimney⁓stock.
1775White in Phil. Trans. LXV. 258 The house-swallow, or *chimney-swallow, is..the first comer of all the British hirundines. 1789Morse Amer. Geogr. 60 Red winged Starling, Swallow, Chimney do. 1809S. Williams Hist. Vermont (ed. 2) I. 140 The species called the house or chimney swallow, has been found during the winter, in hollow trees. 1911Encycl. Brit. XXVI. 231/1 Chaetura p[e]lagica, the ‘chimney-swallow’ of the United States.
1849Audubon's Western Jrnl. (1906) 129 Fifteen or twenty swifts, about double the size of our common *chimney swift at home. 1898Atlantic Monthly Apr. 456/1 Chimney-swifts were shooting hither and thither athwart the sky. 1930J. S. Huxley Bird-Watching ii. 38 Some barn-swallows and chimney-swifts.
1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. 37 An Act by which the *chimney tax was declared a badge of slavery.
1800J. Hurdis Fav. Village 165 Perch'd on the brink of *chimney-throat profound. 1869E. A. Parkes Pract. Hygiene (ed. 3) 371 The chimney throat was contracted so as to lessen the draught.
1600Inscr. on Porch at Beaupré, Glamorgansh. in N. & Q. (1871) 2 Sept. Rycharde Basset..Bwylt This Porch With The *Chymnye Tunnes. 1875Jefferies Wild Life in S. C. 168 On the great chimney-tuns, as country folk call them, and in the ivy, tribes of birds have taken up their residence.
▪ II. ˈchimney, v.
[f. the n.]
1. trans. To furnish with a chimney or chimneys. nonce-wd.
1833Lamb Elia, Old Margate Hoy, A great sea chimera, chimneying and furnacing the deep.
2. colloq. (Also with up.) To climb a chimney (chimney n. 8).
1940F. S. Chapman Helvellyn to Himalaya i. 15 A gully which was just too wide to ‘chimney up’, that is, to jam oneself between two rock walls and to wriggle up by extreme muscular exertion. 1957J. Masters Far the Mountain Peak iii. 32 He had his back against the wall and his feet against a projection... He came on down, ‘chimneying’..you held yourself in place by pressing your back against one surface and your feet against the other. |