| 释义 |
duplication|djuːplɪˈkeɪʃən|
[a. F. duplication (13th c. in Godef.), ad. L. duplicātiōn-em, n. of action from L. duplicāre to double.]
1. The action of doubling.
†a. Arith. Multiplication by two. Obs.
c1430Art Nombrynge (E.E.T.S.) 7 Duplicacioun is agregacion of nombre þat me may se the nombre growen. In doublynge ay is but one ordre of figures necessarie. 1674S. Jeake Arith. (1696) 24 Duplication is nothing else but to double every figure of the Multiplicand.
b. The making anything twice as many or as much; the repetition of an action or thing; division into two by natural growth or spontaneous division.
1590Swinburne Testaments 168 There be duplication of notable members, as to haue four armes, or two heades. 1649Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. v. Ad sect. vii. §1 The duplication of their joys. 1770Swinton in Phil. Trans. LXI. 86 A duplication of consonants, in writing, having been unknown to the most ancient Etruscans. 1831Brewster Nat. Magic vi. (1833) 154 It could only have been produced by a duplication of one of the figures produced by unequal refraction. 1847Grote Greece ii. xlvii. (1862) IV. 149 The alleged duplication of the tribute. 1869Roscoe Elem. Chem. 291 This duplication of the carbon element..by a combination of one of the four combining units of one atom with one of the four units of the other atom.
c. Math. duplication of the cube: The problem of finding the side of a cube having double the volume of a given cube; the delian (a.1) problem, q.v.
duplication formula, a formula for obtaining the sine or other trigonometrical function of the double of an angle from the corresponding function of the angle itself.
1660Stanley Hist. Philos. ix. (1701) 435/2 Amongst his Geometrical Inventions also must be remembered the Duplication of a Cube. 1754Dict. Arts & Sc. II. 992 The duplication of a Cube is a problem famous in antiquity. 1837Penny Cycl. IX. 203.
d. Music. See double v. 1 c.
e. Genetics. The existence in a set of chromosomes of two copies of a particular chromosome segment; the process by which this comes about; also, the duplicated segment.
1917C. B. Bridges in Genetics II. 454 As evidence that pieces may be lost bodily from chromosomes and that fragments may join together, there may be offered two distinct cases of ‘duplication’ (unpublished), a phenomenon, the explanation of which seems to be that a section taken from the mid-region of one X has become attached to the end of the other X, its mate. 1945Genetics XXX. 161 The position effect, here, would appear to extend over a distance at least as great as the length of the duplication. 1949Darlington & Mather Elem. Genetics v. 105 Heterozygous deficiencies and duplications are..for segments what monosomics and trisomics are for whole chromosomes. 1965Peacocke & Drysdale Molec. Basis Heredity vii. 77 These results are those expected if the interphase chromosome before duplication contains two components each of which remains intact..during chromosome duplication. 1965A. M. Srb et al. Gen. Genetics (ed. 2) vii. 198 Extra parts of chromosomes are called duplications. Various kinds of duplications have been observed. Some exist attached to the chromosome whose segments are ‘repeated’; some are attached to different chromosomes; others may exist as independent fragments.
2. A duplicate copy or version; a counterpart.
1872Hardwick Trad. Lanc. 219 Appears to be but a duplication of the Tarquin legend. 1893J. Inglis Oor Ain Folk iv. (1894) 41 There were numberless duplications of Jeems Wright.
3. a. Civil and Canon Law. A pleading on the part of the defendant in reply to the replication, corresponding to the rejoinder at common law.
1622Malynes Anc. Law-Merch. 476 The courts of Equitie beyond the seas, after bill and answere, replication and reioynder, and sometimes duplication, and at last conclusion [etc.]. 1726Ayliffe Parergon 251 Duplications are those Exceptions, which the Defendant made use of to repel the Plaintiffs Replication. 1880Muirhead Gaius iv. §127 [If] a replication..operates inequitably against the defender; in that case an additional clause is added on his account, which gets the name of duplication.
b. transf.
1621Burton Anat. Mel. Democr. to Rdr. 11 To haue written in controuersie, had bin to cut off an Hydra's head, lis litem generat, one begets another, so many duplications, triplications, and swarmes of questions.
†4. Anat.
a. A folding, a doubling; concr. a fold.
1578Banister Hist. Man vii. 90 The Cause of this duplication [of the pleura]. 1676Wiseman Surgery (J.), The peritonæum is a strong membrane, every where double; in the duplications of which all the viscera of the abdomen are hid. 1748tr. Renatus' Distemp. Horses 170 A Ganglion is a Tuber or Tumour which is formed of the Duplication of a Nerve.
†b. = diploe 1. Obs.
1615Crooke Body of Man 447 To the duplication of the skull, that is to the porie substance between the tables thereof.
5. Eccl. ‘A second celebration by the same priest on the same day.’
1866F. G. Lee Direct. Angl. (ed. 3) 354. |