| 释义 |
▪ I. shelter, n.|ˈʃɛltə(r)|
Also 6 shealter, 7 shelture.
[Of obscure origin; possibly f. sheld shield v. + -ture in imitation of words like jointure.
The common view that the word is an altered form of sheltron seems untenable. Sheltron became obsolete in the 15th c., and shelter has not been found earlier than 1585. Cf., however, the line, addressed to the Virgin Mary, ‘Heyle scheltrun schouris to shelde’ (sheltron 1 fig.), which appears to allude to the roof of locked shields implied in the original sense of sheltron.]
1. a. A structure affording protection from rain, wind, or sun; in wider sense, anything serving as a screen or a place of refuge from the weather.
Now often applied to a small slight building (commonly of wood or iron) erected in a park or other public place to serve as a refuge from the weather.
1585Higins Junius' Nomencl. 181 Artegiæ [sic].., thatcht sheds or shelters. 1590Greene Never too late Wks. (Grosart) VIII. 14 A hat of straw like a swaine, Shealter for the sonne and raine. 1610Shakes. Temp. ii. ii. 40 Alas, the storme is come againe: my best way is to creepe vnder his Gaberdine: there is no other shelter hereabout. 1611Cotgr., Abri, a couert, shrowd, shelter, or shadie place. Ibid., Begude, a Cote, Cottage, thatched shed, or shelter. 1725De Foe Voy. round World (1840) 333 Their tent was a sufficient shelter from the rain. 1775Johnson West Isl. 162 (Ulinish), They were probably the shelters of the keepers. 1825Scott Talism. xxviii, A tent, which..differed little from that of the ordinary shelter of the common Curdman or Arab. 1865Rock-shelter: see rock n.1 6. 1877 Geikie Christ xxix. (1879) 341 The people of Tiberias are glad to sleep in shelters of straw or leaves on their roofs, during the hot months. 1881Macm. Mag. XLIII. 388/2 Copies may be seen occasionally in cabmen's shelters. 1894Daily News 25 July 7/5 The erection of band stands, cricket shelters, refreshment houses, park lodges, and seated shelters.
b. Something which affords a refuge from danger, attack, pursuit, or observation; a place of safety; Mil. a wall or bank behind which persons can obtain safety from gunshot; an enclosed shelter from air-raids, nuclear fall-out, etc., usu. underground. Cf. Anderson, Morrison.
1605Shakes. Lear i. i. 185 The Gods to their deere shelter take thee Maid. 1606― Ant. & Cl. iii. i. 8 Spurre through Media, Mesapotamia, and the shelters, whether The routed flie. 1667Milton P.L. vi. 843 [They] wish'd the Mountains now might be again Thrown on them as a shelter from his ire. 1724De Foe Mem. Cavalier (1840) 23 As for the wood, it was a good shelter to save one's life. 1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. II. ii. vi, The Bouillé vanguard..sweeps Mutiny..into shelters and cellars. 1871Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) IV. xviii. 159 She made her way to the old shelter in Flanders, and found a home at Saint Omer. 1906Times Hist. War S. Africa IV. 581 The Colonel had some difficulty in persuading the garrison and townspeople to use the shelters against gun-fire. 1918Ann Reg. 1917 i. 175 Much greater public attention was paid to the question of air-raids... Arrangements were made to provide shelters throughout London. 1938Times (Weekly ed.) 29 Dec. 3/1 Sir John Anderson outlined his plans for the provision of shelters against high explosive bombs. 1943G. Greene Ministry of Fear i. i. 17 The sirens began their nightly wail... She was making for her favourite shelter down the street. 1961E. S. Turner Phoney War v. 50 The authorities had no intention of allowing the Underground to be used as a shelter.., but when the bombing began the people simply bought tickets and took possession of it. 1961[see fall-out n.]. 1978L. Deighton SS-GB ii. 18 She was killed.. during the air attacks... He was in the shelter that day.
c. transf. and fig.
1588Shakes. Tit. A. iv. iv. 22 His fained extasies Shall be no shelter to these outrages. 1597― 2 Hen. IV, iv. iv. 42 And thou shalt proue a shelter to thy friends. 1611Bible Ps. lxi. 3 For thou hast bene a shelter for me, and a strong tower from the enemy. 1618Owles Almanacke 42 He that roofes not his wife vnder one of your [haberdasher's] shelters on his marriage day, shall be trust vp. a1650Calderwood Hist. Ch. Scot. (1678) 811 The Government of Prelats is a shelter for damnable Sects. 1855T. T. Lynch Lett. to the Scattered vi. (1872) 84 The storms of the law may drive men to the shelter of the gospel.
d. Protection from the weather; trees, walls, or the like, which afford such protection.
1613Markham Eng. Husbandm. i. Former Pt. ii. A 4, [Choose a situation] inuironed..with rowes of greater timber,..the shelter will be most excellent to keepe off the bleaknesse of the..tempests in winter. 1664Evelyn Kal. Hort. 59 Covering them [seeds] with sheets and shelter. 1707Mortimer Husb. (1721) 292, I shall advise the planting of shelter on the West and South West. 1842Loudon Suburban Hort. 418 The trees..when they grow large..produce an injurious degree of shelter and shade. 1888Law Times LXXXV. 132/2 If the timber adds beauty or shelter to the mansion-house, the tenant for life must leave it intact.
e. A covering to protect an object from injury, ‘spec. a box, cage or hut used for the proper exposure of meteorological instruments’ (Funk's Stand. Dict. 1895).
a1700Evelyn Diary 4 Nov. 1644, A temporary shelter of boards over the most stupendous..Torso of Amphion and Dirces. 1817J. Mayer Sportsman's Direct. (ed. 2) 175 Cover it [sc. a trap] with a thin board that the fowls may not spring it in going to roost, then take the board or shelter away. 1827Faraday Chem. Manip. xiii. (1842) 299 The pressure of the fuel upon the crucible..may be prevented by hanging a shelter over it.
f. A place of temporary lodging for the homeless poor.
1890W. Booth In Darkest Eng. ii. ii. 97 You come along to one of our Shelters. On entering you pay four⁓pence, and are free of the establishment for the night. 1895Brit. Med. Jrnl. 22 June 1399/2 Philanthropic Shelters. The establishment of shelters for the class of poor wanderers in the metropolis is in itself praiseworthy. Ibid., A Salvation Army shelter. 1934Changing Men 25 There has been no homelier, happier place than the Woman's Shelter in High Street. 1976New Society 17 June 633/2 All lodging houses, hostels and night shelters in Glasgow were visited on two nights last winter.
g. A (temporary) home for animals. U.S.
1971New Yorker 30 Oct. 41/1 The Bide-A-Wee animal shelter in Westhampton. 1979Arizona Daily Star 22 July J 4/4 Lillian Schaaf willed her $1 million estate for a new animal shelter to be built on land she owned outside Worthington, Ohio.
2. a. The state of being sheltered; the state of being protected from the elements; security from attack. Chiefly in to seek shelter, find shelter, take, etc. shelter. in, under, shelter. under the shelter of = protected by.
1593Shakes. Rich. II, ii. i. 264 We..seeke no shelter to auoid the storme. 1593― 3 Hen. VI, v. ii. 12 The Cedar..Whose Armes gaue shelter to the Princely Eagle. 1597Bp. Hall Sat. ii. vii. D 3, Some breer-bush shewing shelter from the showre, Vnto the hopefull sheepe... The ruth-lesse breere..Layes hold vpon the fleece..of the carelesse pray, That thought she in securer shelter lay. 1609Holland Amm. Marcell. xxiv. i. 241 A..tempestuous wind..had..made such confusion among their places of harbour and shelture. 1653H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. x. 33 Under the shelter of certain packs of Cotton..they one morning assaulted the principal Fortress. 1726G. Shelvocke Voy. round World 68 Where, perhaps, a ship might find good shelter. 1845Disraeli Sybil iv. vi, Had I needed shelter there was another roof which has long awaited me. 1871Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) IV. xviii. 225 The sons of Harold had..found shelter with the same prince who had once sheltered their father. 1893Stevenson Catriona i. i, We took shelter under a pend at the head of a close or alley. 1900Doyle Gt. Boer War xi. 192 Once more it was shown how weak an arm is artillery against an enemy who lies in shelter.
b. fig.
1630Capt. Smith True Trav. Ded., The shadow of your most noble vertues..under which I hope to have shelter, against all stormes that dare threaten. 1639S. Du Verger tr. Camus' Admir. Events 46 The way..to set my conscience at rest, and my honour at shelter. 1693Locke Educ. §200. 257 Thus under the Shelter and Pretence of a Governour, thinking themselves excused from standing upon their own Legs. 1822Lamb Elia Ser. i. Modern Gallantry He [Joseph Paice] took me under his shelter at an early age, and bestowed some pains upon me. 1835Macaulay Ess., Mackintosh (1854) I. 342/2 The tribunals ought to be sacred places of refuge, where..the innocent of all parties may find shelter. 1866J. Martineau Ess. I. 345 Scientific theology lost the shelter of the mitre.
3. attrib. and Comb., as shelter barrack, shelter belt (of trees), shelter-camp, shelter-house, shelter-shed; (sense 1 b) shelter-life, shelter marshal, shelter warden; designating conditions and ailments attributed to time spent in air-raid shelters, as shelter cough, shelter paralysis, shelter rash, shelter throat (all temporary); objective, as shelter-seeker, shelter-seeking (adj.); shelter-deck, in a passenger vessel, a light deck more or less closed at the sides but open at the ends; also attrib., as shelter-deck vessel; shelter foot, a painful, swollen foot or leg after a person has slept in a sitting position (temporary); shelter half, one half of a shelter tent; shelter leg = shelter foot; shelterman, an attendant at a (cab) shelter; shelter-pit Mil. (see quot.); shelter tent, a small ridged tent; a dog-tent; shelter tree, Mil. (see quot. 1884); also, any tree grown to provide shelter; shelter-trench Mil. (see quot.); shelter wood, trees left standing to provide shelter in which saplings can grow; freq. attrib.
1906Duke of Argyll Autobiog. I. vi. 144 A *shelter barrack [for the workmen on Skerryvore Lighthouse] was an absolute necessity.
1868Rep. U.S. Commissioner Agric. (1869) 197 For a *shelter belt..this [sc. maple] will be found suitable. 1910Mrs. H. Ward Canadian Born 335 Epil., The thin background of a few taller trees,—the ‘shelter-belt’ of the farm.
1940New Statesman 19 Oct. 372/1 In every shelter I have been in during the past six weeks I have heard that hacking ‘*shelter cough’ and the wheezy sleep of the bronchial cases.
1911Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 880/1 The ship is called an awning decked, spar decked, *shelter decked or three decked vessel—according to the details of her construction.
1941Lancet 6 Dec. 690/1 In *shelter-foot the most potent causative factors are venous stagnation and increased capillary permeability. 1942Sun (Baltimore) 23 Apr. 22/2 When the Doaks family goes into a bomb shelter.., Mr. Doaks is likely to say, ‘..I'll just doze off here in this deck chair’. Next morning Mr. Doaks has a pair of painfully swollen legs and feet—shelter foot.
1911F. Funston Mem. Two Wars 354 Not even *shelter-halves, popularly known as ‘dog tents’, were carried, and many..a night we stretched out in the rain. 1966Sunday Times (Colour Suppl.) 4 Dec. 73/3 Shelter half, half a pup tent, and carried by every GI.
1892Daily News 28 July 6/1 Seated in a small *shelter⁓house protecting us against the glacier winds. 1899Westm. Gaz. 31 July 2/3 To accommodate these families vestries have established shelter houses.
1940Lancet 7 Dec. 722/1 (heading) *Shelter legs. Ibid. 722/2 The elderly and obese are loth to make use of bunks in the shelters..and since they are apt to sit about all day as well as all night they readily acquire shelter leg. 1944Newsweek 20 Mar. 97/1 Renewed Nazi raids brought an old ailment back to London—‘shelter legs’.
1943Wyndham Lewis Let. 26 Jan. (1963) 342 A sculptor of course cannot exactly be commissioned to do marbles of *shelter-life. 1974Times 21 Jan. 4/3 The Medical Officer of Health reported in 1940 that the increase in deaths from respiratory diseases was at least partially due to shelter life.
1940New Statesman 19 Oct. 372/2 Lord Horder's Committee attaches much importance to the *shelter marshals, who should be paid, whole-time officials, chosen from the wardens' service for their proper human understanding and given a status which would entitle them to the help of the police and authority over the shelterers.
1906Daily Chron. 30 Jan. 3/5 Cab pensioners and *sheltermen.
1942Sun (Baltimore) 23 Apr. 22/2 A similar ailment is called ‘*shelter paralysis’.
1870Instr. Milit. Engin. §513 It may be necessary [for men skirmishing] to dig small pits, which may be called *shelter pits in contradistinction to the larger pits..called rifle pits. Each shelter pit should be for one man only.
1943Our Towns (Women's Group on Public Welfare) iii. 78 Scabies or ‘the Itch’ has now almost achieved respectability under the name of ‘*Shelter Rash’.
1864Atkinson Stanton Grange xxiii, A most complete..drenching to both the *shelter-seekers.
1765Goldsm. Trav. 162 There..The *shelter-seeking peasant builds his shed.
1861Stephens & Burn Farm-Buildings §1376 We give the plan of a *shelter⁓shed to be placed at the corner of four fields.
1862O. W. Norton Let. 16 June in Army Lett. (1903) 88 Anyone who has lived in these *shelter tents any length of time can appreciate the difficulties of writing in a heavy shower. 1875Knight Dict. Mech. 2534/1 Shelter-tent. 1888Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 183/1 But the humblest tent made—the tente d'abri or shelter tent of the French army—is also ridged in form.
1940New Statesman 19 Oct. 372/1 Equally common are the complaints of ‘*shelter throats’, which may mean anything from tonsilitis to diphtheria.
1884W. Miller Plant-n. 124/2 Adenostephanus organensis. Organ Mountain *Shelter-tree. 1891W. Schlich Man. Forestry II. ii. 133 They in their turn become mother and shelter trees. 1980Garden CV. 106/1 The Corot-like view of immense weeping willows forming the lake's head must surely have gained by the recent deaths of elms and other shelter trees, though the garden is now more exposed to north-east winds.
1870Instr. Milit. Engin. §512 Artificial cover..can be best obtained by means of small trenches called *shelter trenches.
1974C. Fremlin By Horror Haunted 12 The kids larking about..the *Shelter Wardens shouting at them.
1889W. Schlich Man. Forestry I. ii. 208 The wood is created, or regenerated, under the shelter of the whole or part of the old crop, which forms the *shelter-wood. 1928R. S. Troup Silvicultural Systems vii. 82 The original idea underlying the adoption of the shelter-wood strip system was the necessity for working against the prevailing westerly wind, so that the newly exposed edges of mature woods should always be protected from it. 1979Sci. Amer. Feb. 71/3 The final system is called shelterwood cutting, because the mature stand is removed in two or more partial cuts so that the new stand can become established under the shelter of a partial canopy of remaining trees.
Add:[1.] h. = tax shelter s.v. tax n.1 7 b.
1976Billings (Montana) Gaz. 17 June 3–c/4 A shelter, in general, is an investment which allows someone with idle money to claim a large tax deduction in one year, while the investment does not produce taxable income until later years. 1978Time 4 Dec. 74/1 Shelters enable people to generate paper losses to write off against their regular income, thus shielding their cash from the full bite of the IRS.
▸ attrib. Chiefly N. Amer. Of or designating publications whose subject matter is the home, esp. interior design, architecture, etc. Freq. in shelter magazine.
1946N.Y. Times 3 July 32/4 Brookman has been named advertising manager of Your Own Home, shelter magazine devoted to low-cost housing. 1970Valley News (Van Nuys, Calif.) 5 July 38/1 Shelter books and women's magazines show us how to plan attractive and versatile entertainment centers—where and how to arrange stereophonic equipment [etc.]. 1993Canad. Living Jan. 4/2 Our new furnishings and design editor..brings a heady résumé of credentials to Canadian Living, with more than 15 years of experience in the shelter industry and in journalism. 2004E. Roth Susan Sargent's Comfort of Color i. 19/1 Neutral interiors still dominate the pages of shelter magazines as examples of refined taste.
▪ II. shelter, v.|ˈʃɛltə(r)|
[f. prec. n.]
1. trans. To be or provide a shelter for.
a. To screen or protect from rain, wind, cold, the sun, etc. Chiefly of a thing; rarely of a personal agent.
1590Spenser F.Q. ii. xii. 30 A still And calmy bay, on th' one side sheltered With the brode shadow of an hoarie hill. 1593Shakes. Rich. II, iii. iv. 50 The Weeds that his broad-spreading Leaues did shelter..Are pull'd vp. 1671Milton P.R. ii. 73 Scarce a Shed Could be obtain'd to shelter him or me From the bleak air. 1707Mortimer Husb. xvi. 367, I should advise the planting of other Trees round them to shelter them. 1797Ht. Lee Canterb. T., Frenchm. T. (1799) I. 244 Sheltering the light with her hand, she descended the..stairs. 1860Tyndall Glac. I. xvi. 111 A wall of rock..sheltered us from the north wind.
b. To screen from pursuit, attack, blows, etc.
1667Milton P.L. ii. 167 We fled amain, pursu'd..With Heav'ns afflicting Thunder, and besought The Deep to shelter us. Ibid. xi. 820 Hee with them of Man and Beast Select for life shall in the Ark be lodg'd, And shelterd round. 1783Watson Philip III, i. (1839) 51 They were sheltered from the fire of the besiegers, by a dyke. 1862Ld. Brougham Brit. Const. xx. 396 Harbours and ports, which may shelter the navy in the operations of war.
c. fig. To screen from punishment, censure, etc.
1594[see sheltered ppl. a.]. 1648J. Beaumont Psyche ii. cxlii, Why was not I deform'd, that shelter'd in Sure neglect, I might have scap'd this sin! 1711Prior Celia to Damon 10 In vain I strove to..shelter Passion under Friendship's Name. 1818Cruise Digest (ed. 2) IV. 51 The vendor, who had made use of the act for sheltering fraud. 1818Shelley Rosalind 505 Friend, he was sheltered by the grave, And therefore dared to be a liar! 1884Bosanquet tr. Lotze's Metaph. 444 Many..will make use of his expressions in order to shelter under a great name their favourite doctrine.
d. ‘To succour with refuge, to harbour’ (J.); to take under one's protection. Of a place: To be a secure home or refuge for.
1663Dryden Ep. Charleton 53 These Ruines [Stonehenge] sheltered once His Sacred Head, Then when from Wor'ster's fatal Field He fled. 1814Scott Wav. xviii, And do others beside your master shelter him? 1819Shelley Cenci i. iii. 105 His children and his wife, whom he is bound To love and shelter. 1825Scott Betrothed xxi, Amid the same scenes which had sheltered her infancy and childhood. 1850Tennyson In Mem. cii. 4 The roofs, that heard our earliest cry, Will shelter one of stranger race. 1868Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) II. vii. 143 The King, instead of bringing them to justice, was sheltering them. 1908Blackw. Mag. July 147/1 When he [Champlain] died in the city which had sheltered him for many years.
e. To protect (invested income) from taxation; to invest with this purpose.
1963Vital Speeches XXIX. 357/2 A tightening of the personal holding company rules, to end the escapes from individual taxation now available through the use of these devices to shelter investment income. 1972P. C. Reid Corporate & Executive Tax, Sheltered Investments ix. 125 The prospective investor should always keep in mind that the major objective is to shelter his income. 1973Times 10 Dec. 7/5 False rumours..that I sheltered the income on which my daughter, Tricia, should have paid taxes. 1975Tax Shelter Investments (U.S. Congress Jt. Comm. on Internal Revenue Taxation) iii. 22 He sheltered $13,000 with a cattle feeding operation.
†2. To ward off. Obs. rare.
1621Lady M. Wroth Urania 337 A place, Rockey, and hilley, nothing but Heath, and some small shrubs to shelter rayne, Sunne, or any thing from one.
3. refl.
a. To take shelter; to take refuge from pursuit or attack.
1611Cotgr., se Taudir, to couer, shrowd, shelter, hide himselfe. 1663Act 15 Chas. II, c. 2 Preamb., Great Townes where..such idle and lewd persons doe shelter themselves. a1701Maundrell Journ. Jerus. Ded., To Sir C. Hedges, The only Defence I have, is by sheltring my self in the Crowd.
b. fig. Chiefly, to protect oneself from punishment or censure. to shelter oneself under, behind — = to use the protection afforded by (what is specified).
1598Shakes. Merry W. v. v. 24 Let there come a tempest of prouocation, I will shelter mee heere. 1675Essex Papers (1890) I. 295 My Ld Newport shelters himselfe under D.M. interest. 1769Junius Lett. xxxv. (1820) 165 You may shelter yourself under the forms of a parliament. 1825Scott Betrothed xix, If it is meant..that I have any purpose of sheltering myself behind the Prelate's authority. 1837Thirlwall Greece xxxii. IV. 225 They..thought it better to purchase the silence of the informer—unless they could shelter themselves by such an expedient.
4. intr. for refl. To take shelter; to find a refuge. lit. and fig.
1602Marston Antonio's Rev. ii. iii, Pigmie cares Can shelter vnder patience shield. 1667Milton P.L. xi. 223 Hee alone, To finde where Adam shelterd, took his way. 1680Hickeringill Meroz Wks. 1716 I. 244 This objection, under which all..opposition of Authority does lurk and shelter to this day. 1727[E. Dorrington] Philip Quarll (1816) 14 A company of buccaniers..shelter here. a1774Goldsm. tr. Scarron's Com. Romance (1775) II. 124 The humane gentry about the country, who permitted their little troops [sc. gypsies] to shelter in the villages. 1855Thackeray Newcomes II. xix. 192 She fled from him and sheltered with the old woman who's dead. 1882Geikie Geol. Sk. 110 We sheltered for a little under the lower basalt. 1899F. T. Bullen Way Navy 79 She also reported our second-class cruiser..out of action and sheltering—I believe in Killery Bay. |