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chalcedony, calcedony|kælˈsɛdənɪ, ˈkælsɪdənɪ|
Forms: α. 4 calsydoyne, calcidoine; β. 4 chalcedun, 6–8 calcedon, 7–8 chalcedon; γ. (4–5 calcedonius), 5 calsydony, calcideny, (6 chalcedonium), 7 calchedonie, calsidonie, chalcidonye, 5– calcedony, 6– chalcedony. See also cassidoine, -dony.
[The current form c(h)alcedony is directly adapted from L. c(h)alcedonius, used in the Vulgate to render Gr. χαλκηδών, in Rev. xxi. 19, the name of the precious stone forming the third foundation of the New Jerusalem, but found nowhere else. Adapted forms of the same word in OF. were calce-, calcidoine, whence the ME. calcidoine, calcedun; also cassidoine, whence ME. cassidoine and its varieties, which are separately treated. The 16th c. chalcedon was perh. directly from N.T. Greek.
The word is of very complicated history. The L. is commonly assumed to be the same as the adj. chalcēdonius of Chalcedon in Asia Minor, as if it were ‘Chalcedonian stone’, but this is very doubtful. In interpreting the name in the Vulgate, which has the variant form carcedonius, the early writers identified it with a stone mentioned by Pliny xxvii. §§103, 104, where MSS. have the variants carchedonia, charcedonia, calcedonia, calchedonia, carchedonius, said to be found in North Africa, and to be brought by way of Carthage (καρχηδών), which, from the description, could have nothing to do with the chalcedony of the moderns. Isidore has carchedonia; Epiphanius de Gemmis iv, says it is produced ἐν καρχηδόνι τῆς λιβύης. The carchedonius or chalcedonius is mentioned and moralized upon by a whole catena of writers, including esp. Bæda; but to none of them was it more than a traditional name, about which there clustered notions originally derived from Pliny with an accretion of later fables. The first to try to identify it with any known stone was apparently Albertus Magnus (1205–1282), who may have had in view some form of the stone to which the name is now given. (See the exhaustive article of Schade Altdeutsches Wbuch. 1363.)]
A precious (or semi-precious) stone, which in its various tints is largely used in lapidary work: a cryptocrystalline sub-species of quartz (a true quartz, with some disseminated opal-quartz), having the lustre nearly of wax, and being either transparent or translucent.
It is not safe to carry the modern application back before the 16th or at earliest the 15th c.; and references to earlier notions come down to the 17th. In modern lapidary work, chalcedony receives different names according to its varieties of colour and structure, as agate, cornelian, cat's eye, chrysoprase, onyx, sard, etc. Most of the varieties were included by Pliny under his jaspis. (Westropp.)
αc1325E.E. Allit. P. A. 1002 Þe calsydoyne..withouten wemme. 1393Gower Conf. III. 133 The calcidoine..for his stone he underfongeth.
βc1305Land Cokaygne 94 in E.E.P. (1862) 158 Ametist and crisolite, Chalcedun and epetite. 1555Eden Decades W. Ind. iii. v. (Arb.) 158 Precious stones cauled smaragdes, calcedones & Iaspers. 1586J. Ferne Blaz. Gentrie 142 A Calcedon is the fifth stone, being most strong and hard by nature, instructing the Soueraigne that he exercise the cardinall vertue Fortitude. 1648Gage West Ind. xii. (1655) 53 Adorned with Emeralds, Turquies, Chalcedons. 1686Lond. Gaz. No. 2116/4 A great Calcedon truly Oriental of a Foot long, and half a Foot broad. 1747Dingley in Phil. Trans. XLVI. 503 Of the Beryl there are three species, the Red..the Yellow..and the White, commonly called the Chalcedon, of the Colour of sheer Milk.
attrib.1644Evelyn Mem. (1857) I. 98 In another [cabinet] with calcedon pillars, was a series of golden medals.
γ1382Wyclif Rev. xxi. 19 The thridde, calcedonyus [1526 Tindale, calcedony; 1557 Genev. chalcedony]. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvi. xxvii. (1495) 561 Calcidonius is a pale stone and sheweth dymme colour meane bytwene Berell and Iacynct and comyth and is gendred of the reyne of our lorde. c1460Play Sacram. 171 Crepawdis & calcedonyes semely to se. 1463Bury Wills (1850) 41 My bedys of calsydony. 1482Marg. Paston Lett. 861 III. 287 My peir bedys of calcidenys gaudied with silver and gilt. 1621Burton Anat. Mel. ii. iv. i. iv, There is a kind of Onyx called the Chalcidonye. 1688R. Holme Armoury ii. 40/1 The Calcedon or Calchedonie..being well chafed & warmed, will draw a Straw or a Rush to it. [From Pliny.] 1756–7tr. Keysler's Trav. (1760) II. 47 Pieces of agate, jasper, oriental chalcedony. 1833Lyell Princ. Geol. III. 222 Opal calcedony, resinous silex. 1855Longfellow Hiaw. iv. 262 Arrow-heads of chalcedony, Arrow-heads of flint and jasper. 1861C. King Ant. Gems (1866) 7 Calcedony..is a semi-transparent white quartz, slightly tinted with yellow or blue. 1876Page Adv. Text-bk. Geol. vii. 146 Many of the older lavas yield agates, chalcedony, leucite. |