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▪ I. cassock, n.|ˈkæsək|
Forms: α. 6–7 cassacke, 7 cassack, (cass-, casaque); β. 6 cassoke, cassocke, (8–9 cassoc), 6– cassock.
[a. F. casaque ‘a cassocke, mandilion, long coat’, 16th c. in Littré, (corresp. to Sp. and Pg. casaca ‘a souldiers cassocke, a frock, a horsemans coat’, Minsheu, It. casacca ‘a frocke, a horse-mans cote, a long cote; also a habitation or dwelling’ Florio). The military use is the original; the ecclesiastical use appears to have arisen in English, in the 17th century.
If the It. is the original, and casacca ‘cassock’ the same word as casacca ‘dwelling’ (see above), then it is a deriv. of casa house (as if ‘a garment that covers like a house’: cf. casule, chasuble); but the identification is doubtful. The Dict. de Trevoux suggests that casaque is a variant of Cosaque Cossack, from whom the military cassock might take its name. Lagarde (Götting. Gelehrte Anzeiger, 15 Apr. 1887, 238) maintains that F. casaque is a back-formation from casaquin (by incorrectly viewing the latter as a dimin. form), and that casaquin, It. casacchino, was a corruption of Arab. kazāγand, ad. Pers. kazhāγand, a padded jerkin, or acton, f. kazh = kaj raw silk, silk floss + āγand stuffed. The word kasagân actually occurs in MHG. as ‘riding-cloak’ (‘reitrock’ Schade), and gasygan in OF. as padded jerkin or vest’ (Godef.), but the relation of these to casaquin and casaque has yet to be settled.]
†1. A cloak or long coat worn by some soldiers in 16–17th c.; also that of a horseman or rider in the 17th c. (‘A name given to the cloaks worn by musketeers and gardes du corps’, Littré.) Obs.
1574Lanc. Lieutenancy ii. (1859) 137 Also a Cassocke of the same motley. 1580Baret Alv. C 164 A cassocke: also a souldiours cloke, sagum. 1598B. Jonson Ev. Man in Hum. ii. v, He will neuer come within..the sight of a cassock, or a musket-rest againe. [Cf. F. rendre le casaque.] 1601Shakes. All's Well iv. iii. 191. 1609 Tourneur Fun. Poeme Wks. 1878 I. 199 Brave Vere was by his scarlet cassock known. 1638Shirley Mart. Soldier ii. 1 in Bullen O. Pl. I. 190 A Soldado Cassacke of Scarlet. 1667E. Chamberlayne St. Gt. Brit. i. iii. iv. (1743) 173 Upon a Cloak, Coat, or Riding Cassock. 1699Ludlow Mem. (1771) 384 Monk's army was..thought to deserve the fool's coat rather than the soldier's casaque. [1826Scott Woodst. III. xi. 318 The coarse frieze-cassock of the private soldier.]
†2. A kind of long loose coat or gown. (Fairholt.) Originally applied to garments worn by both sexes.
a. as worn by women. (App. not after 1600.)
c1550C. Barnsley Pride & Abuse of Women 119 A caped cassock much like a players gown. a1553Udall Royster D. (Arb.) 35 We shall go in our frenche hoodes euery day, In our silke cassocks fresh and gay. 1589Puttenham Eng. Poesie (Arb.) 290 A ridiculous thing to see a Lady in her milke-house with a veluet gowne, and at a bridall in her cassock of mockado. 1590Greene Poems (1600) 112 Her taffata cassock might you see Tuckèd up aboue her knee.
b. as worn by men: mentioned as worn by rustics, shepherds, sailors; also by usurers, poor scholars, etc.
1590Greene Neuer too late (1600) 93 Corydon in his gray cassocke and Manalcas..in his shepheardes cloake. 1598Barnfield Conscience & Covet. 12 Clad in a Cassock, lyke a Vsurer. 1601Holland Pliny xxxiv. vi. II. 491 [The statue] of Romulus is without any coat or cassocke at all [est sine tunica]. 1603― Const. & Canons Eccl. §74 Persons ecclesiastical may use any comely and scholar-like apparel, provided that it be not cut or pinkt; and that in publick they go not in their doublet and hose, without coats or cassocks. 1612Dekker If not good Pl. Wks. 1873 III. 276 Greater Schollers languish in beggery: And in thin thred-bare cassacks weare out their age. 1624Capt. Smith Virginia VI. 231 Two or three old Iron things..bound vp in a Sailers canuase Cassocke. 1628Wither Brit. Rememb. iv. 1765 Those many silken-Doctors, who did here In shining satten Cassocks late appeare. [1825Scott Talism. xxiii, The cassock of chamois which he wore under his armour.]
3. A garment worn by clergymen.
a. A long close-fitting frock or tunic worn by Anglican clergymen, originally along with and under the gown; but, in recent times, also under the shortened surplice, and sometimes by ‘High-Church’ clergymen, like the soutane of Roman Catholic priests, apart from these vestments, as a kind of ecclesiastical garb. Also, sometimes worn by vergers, choristers, and others engaged in ecclesiastical functions. See quots.
In this sense, which appears to date from the Restoration, it seems to be the continuation of the scholar's cassock, in sense 2; it had probably some reference to the canon of 60 years before, requiring clergymen not to appear in public ‘without coats or cassocks’ (see sense 2).
1663Killigrew Parson's Wedding (Fairh.) He was so poor and despicable, he could not avow his calling for want of a cassock. 1666Pepys Diary 27 Sept., I..to speak for a cloak and cassock for my brother..and I will have him in a canonical dress. 1708Swift Baucis & Phil. 121 His waistcoat to a cassoc grew And both assum'd a sable hue. 1710–20C. Wheatley On Bk. Com. Prayer (1720) 110 Made fit and close to the Body like a Cassock. 1727De Foe Hist. Appar. iii. (1840) 24 If the Devil should put on the gown and Cassock, or the black cloak, or the Coat and the Cord. 1728Pope Dunc. ii. 326 Gave him the cassock, surcingle, and vest. 1755Johnson, Cassock, a close garment; now, generally, that which clergymen wear under their gowns. 1807Crabbe Par. Reg. iii. 862 He knew no better than his cassock which. 1849Rock Ch. of Fathers II. vi. §9 The old English cassock differed in its shape very little, if anything, from the same kind of robe still worn by the Catholic priesthood. 1854Hook Church Direct., Cassock..the under dress of all orders of the clergy: it resembles a long coat, with a single upright collar. 1866Direct. Angl. (ed. 3) 352 Cassock, the garment worn by ecclesiastics under their official vestments: usually black, and for Bishops purple. 1866C. Walker Ritual, Reason Why 35 The Cassock is a long coat buttoning over the breast, and reaching to the feet. It is confined at the waist by a broad sash called the cincture. The collar is made to fasten right round the throat. 1870Disraeli Lothair v. 13 One or two curates in cassocks.
b. Used to render F. soutane, L. subtaneum, the ‘frock’ of a Roman Catholic ecclesiastic.
1796H. Hunter tr. St. Pierre's Stud. Nat. (1799) III. 136 A tall man dressed in a blue cassock..an ecclesiastical missionary of the island. 1824Heber Jrnl. (1828) I. iii. 76 A tall stout ecclesiastic, with..a long black cassoc. 1859Jephson Brittany vi. 69 A short stout man..dressed in cassock, bands, and cocked hat.
c. A short, light, double-breasted coat or jacket, usually of black silk, varying in length, but generally reaching down to the thighs, worn under the Geneva gown by presbyterian and other ministers.
a1888Scotch Newspaper. He has been presented by the ladies of his congregation with a pulpit gown and cassock.
4. a. As a mark of the clerical office, esp. that of a clergyman of the Church of England.
1687Dryden Hind & P. iii. 232 And quit the cassock for the canting coat. 1769Robertson Chas. V, VI. vi. 124 During the war, he laid aside the cassoc. 1848Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 217 The scarf and cassock could hardly appear there without calling forth sneers.
b. A wearer of a cassock; esp. a clergyman.
1628Bp. Earle Microcosm. (Fairholt) A vulgar-spirited man..one that thinks the gravest cassock the best scholar. 1649G. Daniel Trinarch., Rich. II, cccxliii, But the Gray Cassock makes a double noyse. 1859Thackeray Virgin. v, [He] had a suspicion of all cassocks, and said he would never have any controversy with a clergyman but upon backgammon.
5. attrib.
1587Fleming Cont. Holinshed III. 317/1 Yeomen..apparelled in cassocke coats, and venetian hose of crimson veluet.
▪ II. ˈcassock, v.
[f. prec. 3.]
To dress in a cassock. Hence cassocked |ˈkæsəkt|, ppl. a.
1780Cowper Progr. Err. 111 A cassocked huntsman, and a fiddling priest. 1853M. Arnold Neckan xii, A cassock'd priest rode by. 1883Ch. Times 855/3 The occasion was taken advantage of to cassock and surplice the choir. |