| 释义 |
▪ I. cartel, n.|ˈkɑːtəl; in senses 3 c, d kɑːˈtɛl|
Forms: α. 6–7 cartell, 7 -all, 7– -el. β. 6 chartale, -ell, 6–7 -el.
[a. F. cartel, ad. It. cartello (= Sp. cartel, med.L. cartellus), dim. of carta paper, letter, bill. (The fem. dim. cartella has a different sense.)]
1. A written challenge, a letter of defiance.
1560Sir T. Chaloner Let. 15 Jan. in Froude Hist. Eng. VI. 313 Our professed enemies..instead of cartels of defiance, will send us solemn letters of congratulation. 1598B. Jonson Ev. Man in Hum. i. v. 89, I should send him a chartel presently. 1650Jer. Taylor Holy Dying iii. §8 Xerxes..sent a chartel of Defiance against the Mount Athos. 1769Robertson Chas. V (1813) V. 431 He..sent back the herald with a cartel of defiance. 1841D'Israeli Amen. Lit. (1867) 454 To the unknown libeller..Sir Philip Sidney..designed to send a cartel of defiance. 1880S. Cox Comm. Job 213 Job breaks out into this brief cartel of defiance.
†2. A slanderous writing, a libel. Obs.
1590Davidson Reply Bancroft in Wodr. Soc. Misc. 516 That calumnious chartale, fraughted with as many lies almost as it hath lines. 1600O. E. Reply Libel Ep. Ded. 5 One of our friends doth only term it a chartell or libell.
3. a. A written agreement relating to the exchange or ransom of prisoners, etc.; such exchange itself.
1692Bentley Boyle Lect. ix. 335 The agreements of the Cartel do expire of their own accord when the Peace is concluded. 1715Burnet Own Time an. 1659 (R.) By a cartel that had been settled between the two armies, all prisoners were to be redeemed at a set price. 1774Westm. Mag. II. 483 A cartel being soon after established for the exchange of prisoners. 1809Wellington Let. in Gurw. Disp. V. 69, I shall endeavor to establish a cartel of exchange as soon as possible. 1832W. Irving Alhambra II. 184.
b. = cartel-ship: see quot. 1769.
1769Falconer Dict. Marine (1789) Cartel, a ship commissioned in time of war to exchange the prisoners of any two hostile powers; also to carry any particular proposal from one to another. 1795in Nicolas Disp. Nelson (1845) II. 38 Three Cartels are expected from Toulon with sick prisoners. 1813Examiner 10 May 304/2 He was coming home in the cartel.
c. [After G. kartell.] (Orig. in Germany) an agreement or association between two or more business houses for regulating output, fixing prices, etc.; also, the businesses thus combined; a trust or syndicate. Also attrib. and transf.
1902Daily Chron. 24 May 6/3 He laid stress on the injury which would be done to the Indian industry if the country were flooded with ‘Cartel’ sugar. 1902Pol. Sci. Q. XVII. 381 The cartel, or producers' syndicate. 1902Westm. Gaz. 24 Nov. 10/1 The new cartel includes practically every important iron and steel interest in the Dual Monarchy. 1934Punch 4 Apr. 377/1 The cartel of American lyrists has drawn up regulations forbidding the use of any adjective other than ‘swell’, ‘red-hot’ or ‘blue’. 1935Economist 12 Jan. 68/2 The Vienna coal trade has arranged a cartel for house coal, and a 4 per cent. price rise has occurred. 1958Times Rev. Industry Apr. 12/1 A powerful world cartel.., controlling about 95 per cent of world production, was formed to restore balance.
d. Hist. The coalition formed in 1887 between the Conservatives and the National Liberals in Germany to support each other's candidates, for the furtherance of Bismarck's military and imperial policy. Hence as a name for similar coalitions in other countries.
1889Ann. Reg. 1888 270 On this occasion the German Unionists, or ‘Cartell party’, composed of the Conservatives and National Liberals, again spoke for the Government measure. 1918C. G. Robertson Bismarck 453 The Chancellor's political cartel was complete; it consisted of the Conservatives, the old National Liberals, and the Centre; and the union gave him a decisive and obedient majority. 1919A. W. Ward Germany III. 125 The entire Cartel, this time with the Centre, agreed to proceed with the loan. 1926Encycl. Brit. II. 94/1 The Radicals, Radical-Socialists and Socialists formed a Cartel [France, 1924]. 1927Contemp. Rev. Aug. 154 Hence an electoral cartel was inevitable, and to this the Transylvanians and Tsaranists consented. 1928Daily Tel. 21 Aug. 8/3 The ‘cartel’ of Republican parties formed by him [sc. M. Veniselos]. 1959B. & R. North tr. Duverger's Political Parties (ed. 2) ii. i. 231 The Left-wing Cartel, the Popular Front, and so on. Ibid. ii. 326 The Cartel..which won the 1887 elections and lost the 1890 one.
4. gen. A paper or card, bearing writing or printing; a tablet.
1693Urquhart Rabelais iii. viii. 68 Covering them with Husks..Films, Cartels, Shells..Rinds. 1762–71H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Paint. (1786) I. 210 He ordered a cartel with some Greek verses..to be affixed to the frame [of a portrait]. 1850Mrs. Browning Poems II. 324 Wipe such visionings From the Fancy's cartel. 1875Stubbs Const. Hist. I. xiii. 584 To send in a cartel or report of the number of knights' fees.
5. attrib., as in cartel ship, a ship employed in exchanging prisoners; see 3, 3 b; cartel clock (see quots.).
1757Wesley Wks. (1872) II. 425 Some hundred English, who had been prisoners in France, were landed at Penzance, by a cartel ship. 1826Kent Comm. 69 The same interdiction of trade applies to ships of truce, or cartel ships. 1899F. J. Britten Old Clocks & Watches 275 Hanging or ‘Cartel’ Clocks of Louis XV period were usually of metal thickly gilt and graceful in form. 1960H. Hayward Antique Coll. 57/1 Cartel clock, a mural clock, usually of somewhat flamboyant design... English are usually of carved wood, whereas the French are usually of cast brass or bronze and gilt.
Hence † cartel v. trans., to serve with a challenge; † ˈcarteller, † ˈcartelist, one who challenges; ˈcartelling vbl. n., making of cartels, exchanging of prisoners; ˈcartel(l)ism, the system of cartels, cartelization; ˈcartel(l)ist, a member or supporter of a cartel; cartel(l)iˈzation, the formation of or into cartels; ˈcartel(l)ize v. trans. and intr., to form (into) a cartel; hence cartel(l)ized ppl. adj., cartel(l)izing vbl. n.
1598B. Jonson Ev. Man in Hum. i. iv, Come hither, you shall chartel him. 1611Florio, Cartellante, a challenger, a carteller. a1679Earl of Orrery Guzman iii, The Mode of fighting Duels with single Rapier, which..has been call'd, by the Cartelists, à la Bouteville. 1865Carlyle Fredk. Gt. V. xix. ix. 628 No more exchanging or cartelling. 1923Contemp. Rev. June 716 Hitherto textiles were not regarded as favourable fields for cartelisation. 1925Glasgow Herald 16 Apr. 9 Passionate Cartelist though he is. 1926Ibid. 4 Jan. 7 The leading exponent of Cartellism. 1927F. S. Browne tr. R. Liefmann's Internat. Cartels 98 Baron Tibbaut (Belgium) believed that cartellization spelled the death of ‘protectionism’. Ibid. 101 In the face of a cartellized industry, strong organization of the consumers..was necessary. 1929Times 5 June 15/3 In the late Council Anti-Cartellists and Cartellists were exactly balanced. 1935Economist 6 Apr. 779/1 The Conservative advocates of the cartelising policy known euphemistically as ‘Self-government for Industry’. 1955Times 4 July 9/7 Whereas only lately, at the request of the Allies, decartelization in Germany was the order of the day, it is now again cartelization. 1961Economist 25 Nov. 819/2 This [air travel], the most highly-cartelised industry in the world.
▪ II. cartel, cartle
varr. kartel. |