| 释义 |
carbuncle|ˈkɑːbʌŋk(ə)l|
Forms: α. 3–4 charbucle, -bokel, 3–5 -bocle, (3 -bugle), 4 -bokyll, -bukel(le, 5 -bokill, -bokell, 6 cherbukkill; β. 5 carbokyl, -bokull, (? 6 -bocle); γ. 5 charboncle, -bonkkel, -bouncle, 5–6 -buncle; δ. (4 carbunculum), 5 karboncle, carbunacle, 5–6 carboncle, 6 -bonkel, 6–7 -bunckle, 7 -bunkle, 4– carbuncle.
[ME. charbucle, -bocle, a. central OF. charbucle, -boucle, var. of charbuncle, in ONF. carbuncle, carboucle (= Pr. carbuncle, Sp. carbunclo, († carbonco, † carboncol), It. carbonchio):—L. carbuncul-us small coal, carbuncle stone, red tumour, dim. of carbo coal. At a later period the forms in char- were displaced by carboucle, -buncle, which came nearer to the Lat.; these alone occur in the medical sense.
The mod.F. escarboucle is a by-form with a prefix es- (L. ex-), which goes back also to the 11th c. Cotgr. has also carboucle; charboucle remains in rural use for ‘smut of corn’ (Littré). Prob. both the change of -buncle to -boucle, and the prefixed es- were owing to popular etymology.]
1. (Formerly often more fully carbuncle-stone): A name variously applied to precious stones of a red or fiery colour; the carbuncles of the ancients (of which Pliny describes twelve varieties) were probably sapphires, spinels or rubies, and garnets; in the Middle Ages and later, besides being a name for the ruby, the term was esp. applied to a mythical gem said to emit a light in the dark; in mod. lapidary work the term is applied to the garnet when cut en cabochon, or of a boss form, usually hollowed out to allow the colour of the stone to be seen.
αc1230Hali Meid. 43 Alswa as a charbucle is betere þen a iacinet iþe euene of hare cunde. a1300Floriz & Bl. 234 On þe tur anouen-on Is a charbugle ston. c1400Destr. Troy 3170 Chaundelers full chefe, & charbokill stones. c1489Caxton Sonnes of Aymon iii. 74 A charbokell..whiche stone full precyous was shinyng as a torche that brenneth.
βc14..Sir Beues (MS. C.) In the hylte was a carbokull [v.r. charbokyll] stone. c1475Pict. Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 769 Hic carboculus, a carbokylstone.
γc1400Mandeville xxii. 239 A rubye and a charboncle of half a fote long. c1430Lydg. Chorle & Byrde xxxviii, The white Charbonkkel that rolleth in wave.
δc1305Land Cokaygne 90 in E.E.P. (1862) 158 Þer is..Carbuncle and astiune, Smaragde, lugre and prassiune. 1481Caxton Myrr. ii. vii. 79 Carboncle, the whiche by nyght..shyneth as a cole brennyng. 1567J. Maplet Gr. Forest 5 The Carbuncle..giueth light, but especially in the night season. 1614Raleigh Hist. World i. 96 The Hebrewes..suppose that the Arke was lightened by a Carbuncle. a1691Boyle Wks. I. 790 (R.) There are very learned men, who (plausibly enough) deny that there are any carbuncles or shining stones at all. 1787Glover Athenaid iv. (R.) Carbuncles, gems of native light, Emitting splendour. 1816Cleaveland Min. 296 The carbuncle of the ancients was probably a garnet. 1866Kingsley Herew. viii. 138 They were all lighted by a single carbuncle.
†b. fig. applied to a thing or person of resplendent quality. Obs.
c1430Lydg. Bochas iii. ix. (1554) 81 b, Charboncle of armes! mirrour of policie! 1513Douglas æneis Prol. 7 Thow peirles perle..Chosin cherbukle, cheif flour, and cedir tree. c1630Drummond of Hawthornden Poems Wks. (1711) 1 The wand'ring carbuncles which shine from high.
c. Carbuncle as a substance; also fig. resplendent substance.
1413Lydg. Pylgr. v. iii. (1483) 93 This other world whiche thou seest sowen with sterres of Charbouncle. 1667Milton P.L. ix. 500 His Head Crested aloft, and Carbuncle his Eyes. 1847Emerson Repr. Men iii. Swedenborg Wks. (Bohn) I. 313 If you will have pure carbon, carbuncle, or diamond, to make the brain transparent.
2. Her. A carbuncle borne in a shield, and hence, a charge or bearing representing a carbuncle with its rays; = escarbuncle.
c1386Chaucer Sir Thopas 160 His sheeld..And therin was a bores hed, A charboucle [v.r. charbokele, charbokil, charbokel] beside. a1400Morte Arth. 2523 A charbocle in þe cheefe, chawngawnde of hewes. 1557K. Arthur (Copland) v. ix, Griffons of golde in sable charbuncle y⊇ chefe of syluer. 1572J. Bossewell Armorie ii. 55 b, The field is parted per Pale Nebule, Carboncle and Diamonde. 1727in Chambers Cycl. 1730–6in Bailey; and in mod.Dicts.
3. Med. An inflammatory, circumscribed, malignant tumour, caused by inflammation of the skin and cellular membrane. It differs from a boil in having no central core; an anthrax.
[1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. vii. lix. (1495) 275 Antrax..is callyd also Carbunculus.] 1530Palsgr. 157 Vne charboncle, a carboncle, a sore pestylenciall. 1562W. Bullein Bk. Simples, &c. 16 b, [It] healeth Antrax, called the Carbuncle. 1605Shakes. Lear ii. iv. 227 A Byle, A plague sore, or imbossed Carbuncle In my corrupted blood. a1691Boyle Wks. III. 676 (R.) Which turned to a pestilential carbuncle, that could scarce be cured in a fortnight after. 1859Times 20 Apr. 8/2 The original complaint of the King of Naples was carbuncle (anthrax).
b. A red spot or pimple on the nose or face caused by habits of intemperance.
1682N. O. Boileau's Lutrin i. 87 Her Nose, emboss'd with Carbuncles Divine, Before her steps did like a Flam⁓boy shine. 1709Addison Tatler No. 131 ⁋5 The Council for the Brewers had a Face..inflamed..with Carbuncles. 1830James Darnley (1846) 25 Sundry carbuncles illuminated his countenance, and gave an air of jollity to a face..not otherwise very amiable.
4. transf.
1805Naval Chron. XIV. 368 The description of the carbuncles and the cotyledons [of a cuttle-fish].
†5. (See quots.) Obs.
1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. (1586) 17 b, Carbuncle, that is ground over heated and parched with the sunne; which will burne the rootes of whatsoever commeth in it. [1601Holland Pliny I. 503 The hot earth, called..Carbunculus, which vseth to burn the corne sown therupon.]
6. attrib. and Comb., as carbuncle-face, carbuncle-nose, carbuncle-tumour; carbuncle-stone: see 1 above.
1658Rowland Moufet's Theat. Ins. 928 Their sting..causeth a carbuncle tumor. 1690B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew, Carbuncle-Face, very Red and full of large Pimples. 1710Tatler No. 260 ⁋7 A Carbuncle Nose likewise bore an excessive Rate. 1864Daily Tel. 17 Mar., A carbuncle ring on his finger. |