| 释义 |
▪ I. canon, n.1|ˈkænən|
Forms: 4–5 canoun, (5 canown), 6–8 cannon, 1, 3– canon.
[Found in OE. as canon, a. L. canon rule, a. Gr. κανών rule. Early ME. had ˈcanon, prob. from OE., and caˈnun, caˈnoun, a. OF. canun, canon, the Fr. descendant of the L. Senses 12–14 are of obscure origin; some or all may belong to cannon, in F. spelt canon.]
1. a. A rule, law, or decree of the Church; esp. a rule laid down by an ecclesiastical Council. the canon (collectively) = canon law: see b.
The Canons, in Ch. of Engl. = ‘The Constitutions and Canons Ecclesiastical’ agreed upon by Convocation, and ratified by King James I under the Great Seal in 1603.
c890K. ælfred Bæda iv. xxiv. (Bosw.) Canones boc. a900Laws of ælfred xxi. in Thorpe II. 376 (Bosw.) Ða canonas openlice beodaþ. a1300Cursor M. 26290 Als þe hali canon [v.r. -oun] vs sais þat scrift on sere-kin sines lais. 1451Treaty w. Scotl. in Rymer Foedera (1710) XI. 288 Maister Robert Dobbes, Doctor of Canon. 1489Caxton Faytes of A. iv. ix. 254 The canon deffendeth expresly al manere of bataille and violent hurt. 1597Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. lxi. §2 A sacred canon of the sixth reverend synod. 1601Shakes. All's Well i. i. 158 Selfe-loue, which is the most inhibited sinne in the Cannon. 1658Bramhall Consecr. Bps. vii. 171 The Papall Canons were never admitted for binding Lawes in England. 1827Hallam Const. Hist. (1876) I. vi. 303 A code of new canons had recently been established in convocation with the King's assent. 1859Jephson Brittany viii. 131 A priest is expressly forbidden by the canons..to enter a public inn.
b. canon law (formerly law canon: cf. F. droit canon): ecclesiastical law, as laid down in decrees of the pope and statutes of councils. (See Gratian, Dist. iii. §2.)
c1340Cursor M. 26290 (Fairf.) Squa sais lagh Canoun þat is wise, þat shrift on mani synnis lise. 1387Trevisa Higden (1865) II. 117 (Mätz.) By dome of lawe canoun. c1400Apol. Loll. 73 Law canoun is callid law ordeynid of prelats of the kirk. 1494Fabyan vii. 526 They sent y⊇ estudyauntys of y⊇ lawe, canon & cyuyle. 1511in W. H. Turner Select. Records Oxford 7 John Prynne, bachiller of Canon. 1552Abp. Hamilton Catech. (1884) 1 Doctours of Theologie and Canon law. a1586Answ. Cartwright 3 The common Lawes are against the cannon Lawes in many hundreth poyntes. 1765Blackstone Comm. i. Introd. 82 The canon law is a body of Roman ecclesiastical law, relative to such matters as that church either has, or pretends to have, the proper jurisdiction over. This is compiled from the opinions of the antient Latin fathers, the decrees of general councils, the decretal epistles and bulles of the holy see. 1850A. Jameson Leg. Monast. Ord. (1863) 331 Where he made himself master of civil and canon law.
2. gen.
a. A law, rule, edict (other than ecclesiastical).
b. A general rule, fundamental principle, aphorism, or axiom governing the systematic or scientific treatment of a subject; e.g. canons of descent or inheritance; a logical, grammatical, or metrical canon; canons of criticism, taste, art, etc.
1588Fraunce Lawiers Log. i. ii. 7 b, Such rules, maximaes, canons, axioms..or howsoever you tearme them. 1602Shakes. Ham. i. ii. 132 Or that the Euerlasting had not fixt His Cannon 'gainst Selfe-slaughter. 1607― Cor. i. x. 26 Against the hospitable Canon. 1628Milton Vac. Exerc., Substance with his Canons; which Ens..explains. 1788Reid Aristotle's Log. v. ii. 113 They have reduced the doctrine of the topics to certaine axioms or canons. 1806Med. Jrnl. XV. 134 The canons of pathology. 1869Rogers Pref. Adam Smith's W.N. I. 17 The indirect taxation of France violated every canon of financial prudence and equity. 1874Sayce Compar. Philol. i. 58 The canons of taste and polite literature. 1879Farrar St. Paul I. 613 We may assume it as a canon of ordinary criticism that a writer intends to be understood.
c. A standard of judgement or authority; a test, criterion, means of discrimination.
1601Holland Pliny II. 497 Moreouer, he made that which workmen call Canon, that is to say, one absolute piece of worke, from whence artificers do fetch their draughts, simetries, and proportions. 1651Hobbes Govt. & Soc. xvii. §16. 313 The sacred Scripture is..the Canon and Rule of all Evangelicall Doctrine. 1869Goulburn Purs. Holiness vii. 65 This Lord's Prayer, what a canon does it supply for testing and correcting our spiritual state. 1874W. Wallace Hegel's Logic §52. 93 [Reason] is a canon, not an organon of truth, and can furnish only a criticism of knowledge.
†3. Math. A general rule, formula, table; esp. a table of sines, tangents, etc. Obs.
c1391Chaucer Astrol. ii. §32 Lok how many howres thilke coniunccion is fro the Midday of the day precedent, as shewith by the canoun of thi kalender. 1594Blundevil Exerc. ii. (ed. 7) 130 If you shall not finde in the Canon, the Sine which by your calculation is found. 1656tr. Hobbes' Elem. Philos. (1839) 292 The straight line BV..if computed by the canon of signs. 1706Phillips, In Mathematicks, Cannon is an infallible Rule to resolve all things of the same Nature with the present Inquiry. 1751Chambers Cycl. s.v. Canon, Natural Canon of Triangles is a table of sines, tangents, and secants together..Artificial Canon of Triangles is a table wherein the logarithms of sines and tangents are laid down. 1798Hutton Course Math. (1807) II. 3 A Trigonometrical Canon, is a table.
4. The collection or list of books of the Bible accepted by the Christian Church as genuine and inspired. Also transf., any set of sacred books; also, those writings of a secular author accepted as authentic.
1382Wyclif Apoc. Prol., In the bigynnyng of canon, that is, of the bok of Genesis. 1591T. Norton Calvin's Inst. i. 13 b, What reuerence is due to the Scripture, and what bookes are to be reckened in the canon therof. 1641J. Jackson True Evang. T. ii. 116 S. Andrew the Apostle..added nothing to the Canon of Scripture. 1870Max Müller Sc. Relig. (1873) 29 The process by which a canon of sacred books is called into existence. 1882Farrar Early Chr. I. 98 The Epistle to the Hebrews is not a work of St. Paul, but it is pre-eminently worthy of its honoured place in the Canon. 1885Encycl. Brit. XIX. 211/1 The dialogues forming part of the ‘Platonic canon’. 1953C. J. Sisson Shakespeare: Compl. Works p. xviii (heading) The canon and the text.
†5. A canonical epistle. See canonical 3.
1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 25/3 Saynt John that saith in his canone, We have, etc. 1502Ord. Crysten Men ii. i. (W. de W. 1506) 84 Wherfore sayth well saynt Iames in his canon.
6. The portion of the Mass included between the Preface and the Pater, and containing the words of consecration.
a1300Cursor M. 21190 Þe first mess þat sent petre sang, Was þar þan na canon lang Bot pater-noster in þaa dais, Na langer canon was, it sais. 1395Purvey Remonstr. (1851) 42 After the sacringe, in the canoun of the masse. a1450Knt. de la Tour (1868) 40. 1532 More Confut. Tindale Wks. 490/2 Luter himself casting away the holy canon of y⊇ masse. 1656Bp. Hall Tracts (1677) 43 It was the farther solemnizing and beautifying that holy action which brought the Canon in. 1781Gibbon Decl. & F. II. xlv. 695 He officiated in the canon of the mass. 1868Hook Lives Abps. II. ii. iii. 284 note, The canon or rule was the part of the service containing the actual consecration.
7. Mus.
a. A species of musical composition in which the different parts take up the same subject one after another, either at the same or at a different pitch, in strict imitation.
A passage in Burney's Hist. Music (1781) 480 suggests as an earlier meaning: ‘The rule by which a composition (in canon-form), which is only partially indicted in the score, can be read out by the performers in full.’ Cf. quot. 1609.
1597Morley Introd. Mus. 104 Of how manie parts the Canon is, so manie Cliefes do they set at the beginning of the verse. 1609Douland Ornith. Microl. 48 A Canon..is an imaginarie rule, drawing that part of the Song which is not set downe out of that part which is set downe. Or it is a Rule, which doth wittily discouer the secret of a Song. 1795Mason Ch. Mus. i. 54 Such Organists as were Masters of Canon, Fugue, and Counterpoint. 1869Ouseley Counterp. xxiii. §13 The closest stretto should be reserved for the end..especially if it be introduced in canon.
b. A long hymn, used in the Eastern Church, consisting of eight odes, each of many stanzas.
1862Q. Rev. Apr. 338 If we might venture..to name the characteristics of these canons, we should say richness and repose, and a continuous thread of Holy Scripture..woven into them.
8. a. ‘In old Records, a Prestation, Pension, or Customary payment upon some religious Account’ (Phillips 1706). From Roman Law.
1633Cave Ecclesiastici Introd. 51 He restor'd the Corn-Canon, (as they call'd it) the yearly Allowance of Corn, which Constantine had settled upon the Church. 1726Ayliffe Parerg. 139 Which Allowance was, by the ancient Lawyers, called a Canon, and not a Prebend, as now it is. 1847–79Halliwell, Canon, a portion of a deceased man's goods exacted by the priest.
b. A quit-rent. [cf. Littré, Canon 10.]
1643Prynne Power Parl. App. 164 Therefore to sustaine the burthens of Peace, the demesne was instituted, (which among the Lawyers is called Canon). 1774S. Hallifax Anal. Rom. Law (1795) 69 On condition that the Tenant shall improve the Lands, and pay a yearly Canon or Quit-Rent to the Proprietor.
9. a. A chief epoch or era, serving to date from (Gr. κανὼν χρονικός); a basis for chronology. Cf. canon monument in 15.
1833Cruse Eusebius vi. xxii. 242 A certain canon comprising a period of sixteen years. 1876Birch Rede Lect. Egypt 14 The Turin papyrus, the canon of history, a list of all the kings.
b. paschal canon: the rule for finding Easter, to which was often appended a table of the dates of Easter and the feasts varying with it for a series of years.
1727–51Chambers Cycl. s.v. Canon, Paschal Canon, a table of the moveable feasts, shewing the day of Easter, and the other feasts depending on it, for a cycle of nineteen years.
10. a. (See quot.)
1727–51Chambers Cycl., Canon, in monastic orders, a book wherein the religious of every convent have a fair transcript of the rules of their order, frequently read among them as their local statutes.
b. ‘The list of saints acknowledged and canonized by the Church’ (Chambers Cycl. 1727–51).
11. Printing. A size of type-body equal to 4-line Pica; the largest size of type-body that has a specific name.
So called perhaps as being that used for printing the canon of the Mass; but Tory is said by Reed (op. cit. 36) to have used the term Canon for letter cut according to rule—lettres de forme—as distinguished from lettres bastardes.
1683Moxon Mech. Exerc., French Canon 17½ [types] to a foot. 1688R. Holme Armoury iii. iii. 119/2 Canon, the great Canon is the name of the largest Letter for Printing that is used in England. 1721Bailey, Canon, (with Printers) a large sort of Printing Letter. 1887T. B. Reed O. Eng. Lett. Foundries, 36 The Canon of the Mass was..printed in a large letter, and it is generally supposed that this size of letter being ordinarily employed in the large Missals, the type-body took its name accordingly; a supposition which is strengthened by its German name of Missal.
12. (See quot.)
1696Phillips, Canon..a Surgeon's Instrument, made use of for the sewing up of Wounds. 1721in Bailey; 1755 in Johnson; and in mod. Dicts. Not in Syd. Soc. Lex.
13. (See quot.)
1847–78Halliwell, Canons, the first feathers of a hawk after she has mewed. [Perh. the same as cannon: cf. Sp. cañon a quill.]
14. A metal loop or ‘ear’ at the top of a bell, by which it is hung. Also written cannon (n.1 5).
1688R. Holme Armoury iii. 461/2 This is called a St. Bell, because it hath not Canons on the head to fasten it to the stock. 1878Grove Dict. Mus. I. 219 [Bells] are first carefully secured by iron bolts and braces through the ears or ‘canons’ to the stock. 1882School Guardian No. 315. 12 The height of the bell from the lip to the top of the canons is 8 ft.
15. attrib. and Comb., as canon law (see 1 b), canon-lawyer, canon-making, canon monument (cf. 9), canon rule, canon type (cf 11): canon-like, canon-wise adjs.
1601Bp. Barlow Defence 99 We acknowledge it *Canon-like, but not Canonicall.
1659Baxter Key Cath. xxv. 147 This is a cheaper way of *Canon-making in a corner.
1631R. Byfield Doctr. Sabb. 149 You finde nothing..in any..*cannon monument, and register of Antiquitie.
1603Holland Plutarch's Mor. 33 The very *Canon rule, and paterne of all vertue.
1641Milton Reform. Wks. 1738 I. 7 An insulting and only *Canon-wise Prelate.
▸ a. Literary Criticism. A body of literary works traditionally regarded as the most important, significant, and worthy of study; those works of esp. Western literature considered to be established as being of the highest quality and most enduring value; the classics (now freq. in the canon). Also (usu. with qualifying word): such a body of literature in a particular language, or from a particular culture, period, genre, etc.
1929Amer. Lit. 1 95 Those who read bits of Mather with pleasure will continue to feel that those bits cannot be excluded from the canon of literature until much excellent English ‘utilitarian’ prose is similarly excluded. 1953W. R. Trask tr. E. R. Curtius European Lit. & Lat. Middle Ages xiv. 264 Of the modern literatures, the Italian was the first to develop a canon. 1989Times Lit. Suppl. 7 July 739 My Secret History..alludes to half the modernist canon, from Eliot to Hemingway to Henry Miller. 1999N.Y. Rev. Bks. 4 Nov. 29/2 The canon was under attack from feminists and social historians who saw it as the preserve of male and bourgeois dominance.
b. In extended use (esp. with reference to art or music): a body of works, etc., considered to be established as the most important or significant in a particular field. Freq. with qualifying word.
1977R. Macksey in Compar. Lit. 92 1188 The author concentrates on six major works in the operatic canon, masterpieces by two towering figures in the history of Western music. 1985Washington Post 5 July x12/1 What looks like spaghetti Bolognese and keeps fresh on the shelf for 50 years? Japanese plastic food, the real-as-life models that restaurants in Japan use for the prosaic business of window display, and that visitors have gleefully added to the canon of pop art. 1995Independent (Nexis) 10 Dec. 2 Mick taught himself to play the guitar and spent ‘a great deal of time’ studying songwriting; not just the soul and R'n'B legends..but the whole rock canon—the Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin and the Velvet Underground, but especially The Beatles. 1998Herald (Glasgow) 3 Sept. 22 The concept has settled comfortably into the canon of accepted biological theory.
▪ II. canon, n.2|ˈkænən|
Forms: (1 canonic), 3 canon, 3–4 canun, canoun, 3–4 chanun, 3–5 chanoun, 4–7 chanon, 5 chanowne, (cannon), 6–7 channon, 6– canon.
[Found in OE. in the form canonic, ad. L. canonic-us, a late L. n. use of the adj. canonicus canonic, f. canōn, rule, etc.: see prec. L. canonic-us gave It. canonico, Sp. canonigo, Pr. canorgue. Cat. and Pr. canonge, ONF. caˈnonie, later caˈnoine, central F. chanoine, derive from a late L. form *canonius: cf. canonia in Du Cange. The 12th c. Eng. form was caˈnun, later ME. caˈnoun: apparently an adaptation of the ONF. canonie (pron. kaˈnonjə), with the ending imperfectly represented (perh. by confusing with canon n.1). When this was subsequently influenced by French of Paris, the central Fr. chanoine was represented in Eng. by chanun, chanoun, so common in 14–15th c. But canon reappeared in the 16th c. and is the surviving form, running together with the preceding canon n.1, so that many dictionaries treat the two as one word.]
1. Eccl. Hist. A clergyman (including clerks in minor orders) living with others in a clergy-house (claustrum), or (in later times) in one of the houses within the precinct or close of a cathedral or collegiate church, and ordering his life according to the canons or rules of the church. This practice of the canonica vita or canonical life began to prevail in the 8th c.; in the 11th c. it was, in some churches, reformed by the adoption of a rule (based upon a practice mentioned by St. Augustine) that clergymen so living together should renounce private property: those who embraced this rule were known as Augustinian (Austin) or regular, the others were secular canons.
From the ‘regular’ canons, came in the 12th c. those who followed the still stricter rule of Norbert of Premontré, thence called Premonstratensian Canons. These two groups of ‘canons regular’ were popularly distinguished by the colour of their habits as Black Canons and White Canons. As these vied, in strictness of living, with the monastic orders, the difference between a canon regular and a monk, became in the later Middle Ages (as now in the R.C. Ch.) so slight that the one is frequently confounded with the other. Thus Littré explains ‘Augustinian Canons’ as ‘moines, dits aussi hermites de Saint-Augustin’.
c1205Lay. 21861 Canones þer comen. Ibid. 24289 Canunes [1275 many canoun] þer weoren. a1300Cursor M. 22002 Clerk, or munk, or canun [v.r. canoun, chanoun]. c1386Chaucer Can. Yeom. Prol. & T. 20, I demed hym som Chanon for to be. 1393Langl. P. Pl. c. vi. 157 Boþe monkes and chanouns. c1440Promp. Parv. 69 Chanone, chanonicus. 1480Caxton Chron. Eng. cxcii. 168 Preestes and frerys and chanons and seculeres. 1518Wriothesley Chron. (1875) I. 12 All the orders of friers, channons, moncks of Stratforde and Tower Hill. 1616Surfl. & Markh. Countr. Farm 580 Students, monks, chanons and other fine and daintie persons. 1682N. O. Boileau's Lutrin ii. 21 But Oh! these Chanters, Chanons make a Pother. 1861Pearson Early & Mid. Ages Eng. 275 An attempt of the anti-reformers to substitute canons for monks in Winchester was put down.
1387Trevisa Higden (1865) I. 373 Patrik rered þere a chirche, and dede þere chanouns reguler. c1400Mandeville vii. 79 In the Chirche of Seynt Sepulchre was wont to ben Chanouns of the ordre of Seynt Augustyn. c1425Wyntoun Cron. i. Prol. 86 Of Sanct Androwys a chanowne Regulare. 1609Skene Reg. Maj. 54 Abbats and Priours of regular Channons. 1844Lingard Anglo-Sax. Ch. (1858) II. xii. 235 Regular canons, whether in holy orders or not, are always reckoned among those who are bound to a life of chastity.
1297R. Glouc. 282 Canons þer were Seculers. 1513Bradshaw St. Werburg (1848) 137 From secular chanons to monkes religious. 1531Dial. Laws of Eng. ii. xl. (1638) 132 Goods gotten by a Canon seculer by reason of his Church..shall not goe to his successor. 1844Lingard Anglo-Sax. Ch. (1858) II. xii. 235 The conversion of the conventual and collegiate clergy into secular Canons. 1868Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) II. vii. 85 The chapter was formed of secular canons.
2. In the Church of England, since the Reformation, all the canons have been secular, and the system of canons has been retained mainly in connexion with cathedral churches, where the canons, with the dean at their head, constitute the body of resident ecclesiastical dignitaries, who manage the cathedral, and (formally) elect the bishop. (See chapter.)
The name of minor canons or petty canons is now sometimes given to those clergymen of the cathedral establishment who assist in performing the daily service, but are not members of the chapter. honorary canons, are titular members of the cathedral chapter, who are non-residentiary, and receive no emoluments. See also prebendary.
[c1305in E.E.P. (1862) 82 Alle þe Canouns of þe queor. 1362Langl. P. Pl. A. xi. 33 Neuer kyng ne kniht ne Canoun of Seynt poules. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 223/2 Commaundyng hym..that he shold assemble the chanones of Seint James for to burye thys pylgryme.] 1561T. Norton Calvin's Inst. iv. v. (1634) 535 There be commonly Canons with five, six or seven benefices. 1576Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) 143 A college stored with two and twenty Chanons. a1626Bacon (J.) Deans and canons, or prebends, of cathedral churches. 1628Earle Microcosm. iii. 8 He is a main pillar of our Church, though not yet Dean or Canon. 1709Steele Tatler No. 54 ⁋3 One of our Petty-Canons. 1765Blackstone Comm. i. xi. 383 The chapter, consisting of canons or prebendaries. 1837Syd. Smith Let. Singleton Wks. 1859 II. 261/2 You are not a Dean nor a Canon-Residentiary. 1862Mrs. H. Wood Channings i. 2 He was one of the senior minor canons.
b. prefixed as a title.
(This fashion has prevailed chiefly since the appointment of titular or honorary canons.)
1849Birks Horæ Apost. Pref., The late Canon Tate.
▪ III. canon
obs. form cannon, canion.
▪ IV. canon, v.2|ˈkænən|
[f. canon n.1 7.]
trans. To treat (a musical theme) in canon fashion. Also absol. or intr.
1894G. du Maurier Trilby I. i. 41 They..fugued and canoned and counterpointed [that simple melody]. 1927Music & Lett. July 347 The phrases [of bird singing] were more often alike and several times canoned one into the other in a most delightful way. |