| 释义 |
‖ druzhina, n.|druːˈʒiːnə|
Also 9 (after Fr.) droujina. Pl. druzhinas, ‖ druzhiny, druzhini.
[Russ., f. drug friend + -ina group suffix.]
1. Russ. Hist. The personal bodyguard of a prince.
1879L. B. Lang tr. Rambaud's Hist. Russia I. v. 82 The prince in the middle of his droujina seems to be only the first among his equals. 1905R. N. Bain First Romanovs i. 4 The old Druzhina of boyars, no longer nomadic. 1959Chambers's Encycl. II. 479/2 Boyars were the highest class of Russian society from the time of the Kiev princes to Peter the Great. Originally the superior members of the prince's bodyguard (druzhina) and his intimate advisers, they were later appointed as administrators or military leaders. 1985Britain–USSR Dec. 6/1 From the many references to falconry it may be assumed that he was a member of, or close to, the princely druzhina.
2. In the former Soviet Union, a detachment of the People's Militia, a volunteer police force established in the late 1950s. Now Hist.
1959Soviet Studies Oct. 214 According to an interview given by the USSR Minister of Internal Affairs..druzhiny have already been formed in most of the large industrial enterprises and state and collective farms. 1961Times 5 Apr. 8/6 The search for more convenient and less offensive organs to control the people resulted in..druzhinas or voluntary police detachments. 1963Soviet Studies XIV. 383 The druzhina is reported to have appeared first in 1958, in Leningrad. It received official sanction in a decree..of 2 March 1959. 1970Harari & Hayward tr. Amalrik's Involuntary Journey to Siberia i. 23 Druzhiny: Volunteer auxiliary police units which were formed in the early years of Khruschev's rule to fight hooliganism and other petty crime. They swiftly acquired a reputation for lawlessness themselves.
Hence druˈzhinnik (pl. druzhinniki) n., a member of a druzhina (sense 2).
1963Soviet Studies Apr. 384 The young druzhinnik, equipped with a red armband and a wide but ill-defined authority, may contribute to maintaining public order; but he may also terrorize his contemporaries. 1970Times 27 June 7/6 The Druzhinniki..assist the police in preventing crime, combating hooliganism and drunkenness, and controlling crowds. They are also to be found guarding courtrooms during political trials. 1974T. P. Whitney tr. Solzhenitsyn's Gulag Archipel. I. i. xi. 440 Capital punishment was restored for..threatening the lives of (shaking a fist at) policemen or Communist vigilantes, the so-called ‘druzhinniki’. |