| 释义 |
camera|ˈkæmərə|
[a. L. camera (camara) vault, arched chamber, = Gr. καµάρα anything with an arched cover. In late L. in sense ‘chamber’, as also It., Pg. camera, Pg., Sp. camara, Pr. cambra, F. cambre, chambre: see chamber. Used in Eng. only as a Latin or alien word, until popularized in connexion with photography.]
‖1.
a. In Latin sense: An arched or vaulted roof or chamber. Given in mod. Dicts., but probably not in Eng. use, exc. in such cases as ‘the Camera’ of the Radcliffe Library at Oxford.
1708Kersey, Camera, (L.) a vaulted or arched Building, an Upper-Chamber or Gallery. 1730–6Bailey, Camera, a vault, roof, or upper gallery; (in the title of Mus. Books) signifies chamber-musick, or musick for private consorts, in distinction to musick used in chapels and publick consorts. 1863Oxf. Univ. Cal. 63 The building known till lately as ‘the Radcliffe Library’ is now used as a Reading Room in connection with the Bodleian Library under the name of ‘Camera Bodleiana’. [In the Latin Statute of 1856 the Radcliffe building was described as a camera.]
b. ‘Used in the Latin law proceedings for the judge's chamber’ (Tomlins); hence the phrase in camerâ, i.e. in the judge's private chamber, instead of ‘in open court’.
‖2. In reference to Italy and Spain: A chamber; a council or legislative chamber; one of the departments of the papal curia.
1712Lond. Gaz. 5068/1 A Declaration read..by the Secretary of the Camera. 1832Downes Lett. I. 343 The Camera, or Chamber, adjoining the body of the church, contains ten large frescoes by Raphael. 1841Spalding Italy & It. Isl. III. 114 The Camera or Treasury, whose president, the Camerlengo, is assisted by the Auditor, the Treasurer-general, and Assessors.
3. a. Optics. Short for camera obscura (see 4 a).
1727–51Chambers Cycl. s.v. Camera Obscura, Another portable camera may be thus made. 1760Sterne Tr. Shandy (1793) I. 133 Others..will make a drawing of you in the Camera. 1770Court Misc. Apr., In the plate we have represented the different sorts of cameras. Fig. I is of the first kind..or camera obscura. 1845Athenæum 22 Feb. 202. 1878 Foster Phys. iii. ii. 397 The eye is a camera.
b. esp. that form used in photography.
1840E. Riddle Sci. & Nat. Philos. (1844) 359 Producing pictures with the aid of the Camera, by the..process of M. Daguerre. 1853R. Hunt Man. Photogr. 36 The photographic picture, which is invisible when the plate is taken from the Camera. 1859Sala Tw. round Clock 111 He throws the curtain of the camera over his head.
c. Television. That part of the equipment which forms the image and converts it into electrical impulses. See also off camera, off-camera phr. and adv.; on-camera adv. (phr.) and a.
1928Television July 26 (caption) What the television ‘camera’ of the future may look like. 1936Nature 19 Sept. 514/1 The system employs..scanning cameras..by means of which the scenes to be transmitted are directly and continuously transformed into electrical impulses without the intermediary of a film device. 1957Encycl. Brit. IV. 218/1 The function of the television camera is analogous to that of the microphone in sound broadcasting.
d. attrib. and Comb., as camera-angle, camera-crew, camera-work; camera booth (see quot.); camera-eye, an eye that records detailed impressions, a camera-like eye; also, a person capable of unusually detailed or detached observation or memory; so camera-eyed adj.; camera gun Aeronaut. (see quots.); camera-man, a man who uses or operates a camera professionally; camera-ready a. Printing, of copy for printing by photographic means: supplied to the printer already typeset, typed, or pasted-up and in a form suitable for photographing; freq. as camera-ready copy; camera rehearsal, a dress rehearsal for a film or for a television programme; camera shake, unintentional movement of the camera during photography or filming; camera-shy a., fearful or nervous of cameras; not liking to be photographed or filmed.
1928Camera angle [see angle n.2 1 e]. 1930J. B. Priestley Angel Pavement iv. ii. 168 He knew nothing about camera angles and ‘cutting’ and all the intricacies of crowd work. 1968A. Diment Gt. Spy Race viii. 151 You could see what was happening from two camera angles.
1929Photoplay Apr., Camera booth, the movable sound⁓proof box with a glass front, in which cameras are enclosed in a talking picture studio in order that the sound of the camera may not intrude in the picture.
1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 129/2 Camera crew. 1950‘E. Crispin’ Frequent Hearses i. 8 Camera crews; continuity girls; youngish directors. 1968Listener 8 Feb. 164/2 A BBC camera crew went round Washington collecting vox pops.
1930J. P. Burke in Amer. Mercury Dec. 455/1 Camera eye, a retentive memory for faces. ‘Put him on the door. He's camera eye.’ 1946J. B. Priestley Bright Day v. 143 Staring at her with a cold camera eye. 1960Guardian 17 Nov. 8/2 The ‘I’ will be speaking, not an uninvolved camera eye, but a very much involved eye.
1935S. Lewis It can't happen Here xxxv. 377 You were supposed to be the camera-eyed gink that kept up on everything that goes on.
1918F. H. Colvin Aircraft Mechanics Handbk. xxii. 316 For machine-gun practice at enemy airplanes, the camera gun is..used. 1939War Illustr. 2 Dec. 371 The first training of the gunners of fighting 'planes is given with a camera gun which registers on a photographic film the hits made by the gun.
1908Westm. Gaz. 21 Apr. 7/1 After both had posed to the inevitable camera-men. 1920Q. Rev. July 183 The camera-man will film you anything. 1957Times 9 Oct. 18 (caption) Wild camels of central Asia..dash to the safety of the foothills..as cameramen made what is believed to be the first photographic record of these animals.
1967Karch & Buber Offset Processes iii. 52 Reproduction proofs are sold to offset printers in ‘kits’ providing copy of form headings, bodies and body notes. Over 5,000 combinations make camera-ready copy available. 1979Jrnl. R. Soc. Arts July 486/1 By the second deadline..they were to have..completed the lay-out and paste-up so that their camera-ready flats were ready for printing.
1959W. S. Sharps Dict. Cinemat. 83/1 Camera rehearsal. Otherwise run through. 1963E. Humphreys Gift ii. v. 239 During camera rehearsals..I always bought her a packet of glucose tablets.
1940Wall's Dict. Photogr. (ed. 15) 364 Camera shake. Movement of the camera during the exposure is a very common cause of poor definition. 1962L. Deighton Ipcress File xxiv. 154 A slow motion movie would be less subject to camera shake.
1922E. J. Kimble Kimble's Vocational Vocab. 189 Camera-shy. 1937H. G. Wells Brynhild i. 9 He had always been a little aloof and camera-shy in his publicity. 1958Manchester Guardian 30 June 6/4 It is not difficult to sympathise with the camera-shy M.P. who fears that his daily life is to become too public with the arrival of television in the House.
1908Daily Chron. 14 Mar. 3/3 They are most excellent examples of camera-work.
4. ˈcamera obˈscura [L.; lit. ‘dark chamber’].
a. Optics. An instrument consisting of a darkened chamber or box, into which light is admitted through a double convex lens, forming an image of external objects on a surface of paper, glass, etc., placed at the focus of the lens.
[1668Phil. Trans. III. 741.] 1727–51Chambers Cycl. s.v., Construction of a portable camera obscura. 1796Hutton Math. Dict. I. 237 Various sorts of camera obscuras. 1822J. Imison Sc. & Art I. 255 The eye is..no more than a camera obscura. 1841Emerson Misc. (1853) 215 The Daguerreo⁓typist, with camera-obscura and silver plate. 1874Knight Dict. Mech., Camera obscura..was described by Leonardo da Vinci, in 1500..Baptista Porta, in 1589, mentions it in his book on ‘Natural Magic’.
b. lit. Dark chamber or room.
1725Pope Let. to E. Blount 2 June, When you shut the doors of this grotto, it becomes on the instant, from a luminous room, a Camera obscura. 1753Richardson Grandison (1781) III. xvii. 144 Shall I..make a Lover's Camera Obscura for you?
5. ˈcamera ˈlucida [L.; lit. ‘light chamber’, after camera obscura]. Optics.
†a. (see quot. 1753) Obs.
b. An instrument by which the rays of light from an object are reflected by a peculiarly-shaped prism, and produce an image on paper placed beneath the instrument, whilst the eye at the same time can see directly the pencil with which the image is being traced.
[1668Hook in Phil. Trans. III. 741.] 1753Chambers Cycl. Supp., Camera Lucida, a contrivance of Dr. Hook, for making the image of anything appear on a wall in a light room, either by day or night. 1831Brewster Optics xl. §195 Camera Lucida..invented by Dr. Wollaston..has come into very general use for..copying and reducing drawings. 1832Gell Pompeiana I. v. 79 The original drawing as obtained by the camera lucida.
▸ camera move n. Film a camera movement (cf. camera movement n. (a) at Additions).
1942Amer. Cinematogr. May 235/2 The layout-man..figures out all of the *camera moves such as..pans. 1991Blitz Sept. 60/2 He's using very dramatic camera moves,..and he can get away with it because it is a thriller. 2006New Yorker 6 Mar. 22/1 Curiously styled, with rap-video camera moves giving way to sensitive closeups, this reductive story of redemption milks the sentimentality..born of an extreme change of heart.
▸ camera movement n. (a) Film (an instance of using) any of various techniques, such as zooming, panning, or tracking, which involve moving the camera or lens during a shot; (the use of) such techniques collectively; (b) Photogr. an adjustment of the position of the lens or film in a camera.
1929Chicago Tribune 18 Aug. vii. 1/3 The audience will not be conscious of the *camera movement. 1949A. Huxley Let. 6 Mar. (1969) 593 Hitchcock..now shoots continuously a whole reel at a time,..getting the necessary close-ups and inserts..by camera movements and movement of the actors. 1975Bull. Assoc. for Preserv. Technol. 7 39 The team could, with the proper use of camera movements, produce a rectified picture of the plane being photographed. 1991Photo Answers Feb. 16/1 A plate camera..allows camera movements such as rising front so you can adjust the perspective and make the building look natural wherever you're shooting from. 1995Village Voice (N.Y.) 7 Mar. 59/5 As much as the script, it's the aggressive but lyrical camera movement that accounts for much of the film's punch. 2005Cineaste Spring 62/3 Godard was familiarly lauding ‘friend Boris’ for his ‘art of stylization’, his ‘camera movements, in which grace vies spontaneously with precision’.
▸ camera operator n. a cameraperson; spec. a person who directly controls a film or television camera during filming, typically acting upon the instructions of the director or cinematographer.
1869Elyria (Ohio) Independent Democrat (Electronic text) 29 Sept. Having a *camera operator whose skill as a copyist is surpassed by none, I am prepared to do your work. 1913Chautauquan 7 June 8/1 Camera operators had also to be taught, likewise scenic artists and stage carpenters. 1947L. A. Sposa Television Primer ii. 14 The camera operator..has the responsibility of recording a sharp, well-composed image. 1991Canada Lutheran Nov. 27/1 My camera operator..is a professional with a good eye. This means I could relax and concentrate on planning the shots. 2006Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio) (Nexis) 30 Aug. e1 The series seems to have been filmed by a camera operator with a perpetual case of the shakes.
▸ camerapeople n. people who use cameras; spec. people who operate film or television cameras professionally.
1896Salem (Ohio) Daily News 30 July 4/6 (advt.) This weather of camping parties, vacation trips, and day excursions is just right for *Camera people. 1937‘C. McCabe’ Face on Cutting-Room Floor vii. 53 Vic took the meg and shouted something at the camera people. 2001BBC Wildlife Sept. 2/3 The producers and camerapeople who have made Blue Planet..are among the luckiest people on Earth, having spent the past four years immersed in the sea.
▸ cameraperson n. a person who uses a camera; spec. a person who operates a film or television camera professionally, a cameraman (now chiefly substituted as a gender-neutral term).
1903Washington Post 2 July 6/6 Even as the hand is about to release the shutter away will stalk the whole flock as if familiarity with the *camera person had bred disgust. 1920Daily Northwestern (Oshkosh, Wisconsin) 3 July 6/5 Only yesterday I accidentally stepped on one of those camera persons. 1996D. F. Wallace Supposedly Fun Thing (1997) 181 The 2nd Asst. Cameraperson..fiddles complexly with the camera's anamorphic lens and various filters. 2005I. McDonald River of Gods xxii. 261 The news channel camerapersons spot the Prime Minister in combats and charge her.
▸ camera phone n. (a) (as one word, usu. with capital initial) a device for synchronizing the projection of a cinematograph film with a sound track on gramophone records (now hist.); (b) a telephone (now usually a mobile phone) which incorporates a digital camera.
1907Moving Picture World 22 June 250/1 The *cameraphone, known as the ‘talking pictures’, opened Monday, June 10, at Hammerstein's and closed June 11. 1929W. H. Hays See & Hear 41 About 1908, Edison again turned his attention to the talking picture, this time with a device known as the Cameraphone which coupled a phonograph with a film projector by means of a wire belt. Making a Cameraphone picture was very simple. 1999Pop. Mech. (Electronic ed.) Jan. 42 For our viewing pleasure, MicroDisplay hooked one camera phone to another and sent images across the displays. 2005Guardian 26 Apr. i. 9/1 ‘Happy slappers’—a youth craze in which groups of teenagers armed with camera phones slap or mug unsuspecting children or passersby while capturing the attacks on 3g technology.
▸ camera script n. a script detailing which camera is to be used during each shot of a film or television shoot, and what its position, angle, etc., should be.
1934Daily Courier (Connellsville, Pa.) 4 Apr. 6/6 Berkeley now prepares a ‘*camera script’ in which each shot is plotted and planned. 1986J. Bentham Doctor Who—Early Years 172 It meant a lot of work for the Director preparing his camera script because he had to know exactly where to put his cameras to get the shots he wanted. 2003P. Turner Secrets Screen Acting (ed. 2) xiii. 156 If the cameras cannot see you according to the preplanned camera script, then it is likely that you will be moved rather than a camera.
▸ camerawoman n. a woman who uses a camera; spec. a woman whose job is to operate a film or television camera.
1909Every Where Feb. 344/2 The weaver..is, or was, till the *camera-woman came, probably talking about neighborhood matters. 1928Atlanta Constit. 15 July 17 a/3 She becomes filled with the desire to become a newsreel camerawoman. 2005E. Buchanan From China with Love ii. 39 At the Heathrow check-in desk I met up with Sue, one of the few camerawomen to work in foreign news. |