| 释义 |
segregation|ˌsɛgrɪˈgeɪʃən|
[ad. late L. sēgregātiōn-em, n. of action f. L. sēgregāre: see segregate v.]
1. The action of segregating.
a. The separation or isolation of a portion of a community or a body of persons from the rest.
1615N. Byfield Coloss. i. 18 (1628) 122 The Church..is Holy by segregation from the sinnefull world. a1677Manton Serm. Ps. cxix, cxxx. (1725) 600 Mat. 25. 32, 33... There is a congregation and then a segregation. 1829Southey Sir T. More (1831) I. 384 There would be that segregation from the community into particular societies. 1849A. Bryson Med. Statist. in Man. Sci. Enq. 455 The utter impossibility of complete segregation [of fever patients], even in the most roomy vessel. 1859Tennent Ceylon II. vii. iii. 158 The social segregation is carried to such an extreme, that members of the several classes..refuse to associate together. 1861A. Beresford-Hope Eng. Cathedr. 19th C. vi. 215 The provision which the early Eastern Church made, with true Oriental feeling, for the segregation of women into galleries. 1904Brit. Med. Jrnl. 17 Sept. 631 Manson has also declared segregation to be the first law of hygiene for the Europeans in the tropics.
b. Dispersion, break up (of a collective unity).
1604Shakes. Oth. ii. i. 10 What shall we heare of this [sc. a storm]? A segregation of the Turkish Fleet.
c. The separation of a portion or portions of a collective or complex unity from the rest; the isolation of particular constituents of a compound or mixture.
1612Woodall Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 273 Segregation is the solution of that which was whole and perfect into parts divided, which flow not together as colliquables dissolved. 1634T. Johnson Parey's Chirurg. xxvii. viii. (1678) 668 Vinegar is made by the corruption of Wine, and the segregation of the fiery and airy parts. a1734North Exam. iii. x. §1 (1740) 658 Now I have but one Matter more to work up,..which is a Segregation of Libel from History, which this Author has blended together. 1798W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. V. 190 These observations..tend to authorize the segregation of a very fine set of oracles from those of Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel. 1836Buckland Geol. & Min. xxi. (1837) I. 551 A fourth hypothesis considers veins to have been slowly filled by Segregation, or infiltration... Segregation of this kind may have taken place from electro⁓chemical agency, continued during long periods of time. 1878Bell Gegenbaur's Comp. Anat. 43 Ontogenetic facts point to the primitive segregation of the nervous system from the ectoderm. 1886Ld. Coleridge in Law Times LXXXI. 65/2 The general costs of the action, which remain after the segregation of these separate costs.
Comb. (Geol.)1875J. W. Dawson Dawn of Life ii. 28 Many of the veins are not true fissures but..segregation veins. 1888Teall Brit. Petrogr. 447 Segregation vein, a vein which has been produced by the segregation of the component mineral matter of a rock along fissures.
†d. spec. Separation from a church or ecclesiastical organization: chiefly in reproachful sense, schism. Obs.
1555Philpot in Coverdale Lett. Martyrs (1564) 219 If we behold through y⊇ iniquity of tyme, segregations to be made wyth counterfayt religion. 1662H. Hibbert Body Divin. ii. 36 Let the seperatist..through his sullen segregation..be a thief to himself. 1683Corbet Nonconf. Plea 26 There is a great difference between inimical segregation, like sedition in a Commonwealth; and a going severally upon weighty reasons.
e. Genetics. The separation of pairs of homologous alleles or chromosomes, esp. as occurs at meiosis in the formation of gametes by a heterozygous organism, to whose progeny different traits may consequently be transmitted.
1902W. F. R. Weldon in Biometrika I. 229 If the hybrids of the first generations [of two races of peas]..be allowed to fertilise themselves, all possible combinations of the ancestral race-characters will appear in the second generation with equal frequency... Characters intermediate between those of the ancestral races will not occur... This may be called the Law of Segregation. 1904Rep. Evol. Comm. R. Soc. II. 128 The balance of evidence is in favour of the belief that gametic segregation takes place at the reduction-division. 1930R. A. Fisher Genetical Theory Nat. Selection i. 8 The segregation of single pairs of genes, that is of single factors, was demonstrated by Mendel in his paper of 1865. 1954Genetics XXXIX. 432 The..abnormal segregation of s has been observed whenever C 602/λ has been used as the F-parent in cross. 1970Watsonia VIII. 48 We hope that the present investigation will show clearly that the concept of segregation following allopolyploidy (intergenomic segregation, Jones 1967) can offer another possible explanation of this phenomenon.
f. The enforced separation of different racial groups in a country, community, or institution. Cf. apartheid.
1903T. T. Fortune in B. T. Washington et al. Negro Problem vii. 215 The Afro-American people have been held together rather by the segregation decreed by law..than by ties of consanguinity. 1916Virginia Rep. CXVII. 692 The cities and towns of this State have the power.. to pass segregation ordinances separating the places of residence of white and colored citizens, respectively. 1927[see Eurafrican a. and n. 3]. 1947Forum (Johannesburg) 17 May 29/1 Political segregation is only possible where territorial segregation is in force. 1952[see desegregate v.]. 1957Times 18 May 6/3 The ruling of the Supreme Court that racial segregation in public schools [in South Africa] was unconstitutional. 1974Spartanburg (S. Carolina) Herald 25 Apr. a1/6 The black majority has the franchise in tribal homelands under South Africa's race segregation policy.
g. The isolation or separate confinement of dangerous or troublesome prisoners. Hence concr. (also segregation unit) a part of a prison designated for this purpose. Chiefly U.S.
1952K. J. Scudder Prisoners are People 82 We set aside a few cells at Chino for segregation... If some man at Chino becomes defiant or refuses to work, he is placed in segregation. 1955T. E. Gaddis Birdman of Alcatraz x. 91 The rear half of the structure held eighteen segregation cells... It was a prison within a prison. 1964D. Glaser Effectiveness of Prison & Parole System viii. 174 The duration of disciplinary segregation is much briefer in federal prisons than in most state prisons... Men in segregation now receive the regular inmate food. Ibid. 175 Such units, usually called ‘administrative segregation’ in federal prisons, resemble the regular disciplinary section of a prison... The inmate may be restricted to quarters temporarily without being transferred to the segregation unit. 1974P. W. Keve Prison Life & Human Worth ix. 158 The segregation unit needs intensive service. Ibid. 162 A man..cannot get out of segregation unless he meets certain good behavior standards. 1977New Yorker 24 Oct. 114/3 Such sentences often included a certain number of days in segregation.
2. The condition of being segregated.
1668Wilkins Real Char. iv. ii. 407 To which [companionship] the opposite..is being in a state of Segregation from others. 1718Bp. T. Wilson in Keble Life xi. (1863) 386 Sooner than unite with her [the church of Rome]..I should rather choose to live in a state of segregation. 1841L. Hunt Seer (1864) 81 To show the selectness and segregation of their accomplishments.
3. concr. Something segregated; in early use, † a schismatic body.
1563Winȝet Bk. Quest. Wks. (S.T.S.) I. 98 Ȝe dissent fra the..haly Kirk vniuersall, and als fra the segregatioun of all heretikis afoir ȝow. 1605in 10th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. v. 372 The schismatick uniting himselfe unto their congregations, or rather, as this Sainct sayeth, unto their segregations. 1859Murchison Siluria xix. (ed. 3) 493 Vein⁓stones or original segregations of gold. 1869F. Galton Heredit. Genius 376 We must..consider each human or other personality..as a segregation of what already existed. 1877Raymond Mines 146 Number of feet in claim is 600, being a segregation of the north end of the Ophir Mine. |