| 释义 |
▪ I. burning, vbl. n.|ˈbɜːnɪŋ|
Forms: see burn v.1
[f. burn v.1+ -ing1.]
The action of the verb burn in its various senses.
I. Connected with the intr. senses of the verb.
1. a. The condition of being on fire; the action of sending up flames; hence concr. flame. Cf. 5 b.
a1300Cursor M. 2875 Þe fire it haldes þar stedfast, thoru brennyng of þe brinstane. c1449Pecock Repr. 358 Brennyng of Laumpis. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 39 Flamynge in fyre as though all the kechyn had ben in brennynge. 1592Shakes. Rom. & Jul. i. ii. 45 Tut, man! one fire burnes out anothers burning. 1695Blackmore Pr. Arthur iii. 711 The troubled whirlpool belches Burnings out. 1805Wordsw. Waggoner i. 169 A burning of portentous red.
b. fig. The intensity of passion; the state of being inflamed with grief, rage, desire, etc. Also in comb., as heart-burning.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. ii. vii. (1495) 33 Seraphin passyth other angels in brennynge of loue. a1400Relig. Pieces fr. Thornton MS. (1867) 22 All þat kyndills þi lykynge in brynnynge of charite. 1633P. Fletcher Poet. Misc. 80 All his verses turning Onely fann'd his poore hearts burning. 1643Milton Divorce i. iv, That burning mentioned by St. Paul, wherof Marriage ought to be the remedy. 1822Scott Nigel i, While these heart-burnings were at their highest.
2. Heat, glowing warmth.
1513Douglas æneis xiii. Prol. 23 The recent dew begynnis doun to scaill To meys the byrnyng quhar the son had schine. 1592Shakes. Ven. & Ad. 50 She with her teares Doth quench the maiden burning of his cheekes.
3. Phosphorescence of the sea; = briming. Cf. also briny a. 2
1667H. Stubbe in Phil. Trans. II. 497 As to the Burning of the Sea, I could never observe so great a Light, as to perceive Fishes in the Sea. 1753Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v., The burning of sea water..its yielding a brisk light.
†4. Heat attendant upon disease or a serpent's bite; the disease itself; esp. erysipelas or St. Anthony's fire, and venereal disease. Obs.
1382Wyclif Levit. xiii. 28 And therfor it shal be clensid, for a fel wounde of brennyng it is. c1390MS. quoted in Phil. Trans. XXX. 845 A Receipt for Brenning of the Pyntyl, yat men clepe ye Apegalle. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xviii. ix. (1495) 759 The serpent Ophites hath as many manere of brennynges and greuynges as he hath speckles and colours. c1430MS. quoted in Phil. Trans. XXX. 842 That no Stew-holder keep noo Woman wythin his Hous that hath any Sycknesse of Brenning. 1547Boorde Breuyary, The 19th Chapiter doth shew of Burning of an Harlotte. 1552Huloet, Burning or ytche in the skynne, vredo. a1571Jewel On Thess. ii. (1583) 346 Ech Saint was assigned..to his sundry charge..Antonie, for the burning 1751Chambers Cycl. s.v. 1753― Cycl. Supp., Burning is more particularly used for..erysipelas. 1860Mayne Exp. Lex., Burning, an old English name for Gonorrhœa.
II. Connected with the trans. senses of the verb.
5. a. The action of consuming or injuring by fire.
c1250Gen. & Ex. 3653 Brenninge he [Moyses] calde ðat stede. c1386Chaucer Knt.'s T. 138 At the brennynge [v.r. berneynge] Of the bodies. 1594West Symbol. ii. §201 Burning of a barne adioyning to a dwelling house by night. 1648Art. Peace xxii. in Milton's Wks. 1851 II, The other [Act] prohibiting the Burning of Oats in the Straw. 1865Reader 25 Feb. 221/2 Whether Omar really ordered the burning of the Alexandrian library or not.
b. concr. A conflagration, a fire.
c1425Wyntoun Cron. vii. ix. 509 Of þat brynnyn Schyre Willame Ðe Besat bare þan girt defame. 1543–4Act 35 Hen. VIII, xii, The same Scottes..make..spoyles burnynges, murders..and depopulations in this his realme. 1611Bible Amos iv. 11 And yee were as a firebrand pluckt out of the burning. 1700Tyrrell Hist. Eng. II. 792 There were cruel Plunderings and Burnings committed in that Province. 1758Hayward Serm. xvi. 485 Sentenced to everlasting burnings.
6. The infliction of capital punishment by burning.
c1375Wyclif Antecrist 119 Martyres han suffrid many dyvers kyndis of peynes as..drenchyng, brennyng & many oþer. c1450Merlin i. 21 He hadde delyuered his moder fro brennynge be gode reson. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (1531) 205 b, All maner of outwarde paynes, as burnynge, drownynge, or suche other. 1812L. Hunt in Examiner 28 Dec. 819/2 The burnings of Queen Mary might have been excused because there was a burning under Edward the Sixth.
†7. A sore caused by fire or heat; a burn. Obs.
1542–3Act 34 & 35 Hen. VIII, viii. §1 Scaldinges, burninges, sore mouthes..& such other like diseases. 1616Surfl. & Markh. Countr. Farm 75 A Cataplasme made of the yolke and white of an egge..applyed vnto burnings, doth quench..them.
8. The treatment of any substance with fire for a specific purpose.
a. = burnbeating.
1669Worlidge Syst. Agric. v. §1. 62 This Art of Burning of Land..is not applicable or necessary to all sorts of Land. 1751Chambers Cycl., Burning of land, called also burn beating. 1814Sir H. Davy Agric. Chem. 344 The improvement of sterile lands by burning was known to the Romans. 1842E. J. Lance Cott. Farm. 7.
b. The preparation of lime, bricks, pottery, etc. by the use of fire; also the burning on or fixing of colours by the application of fire. Also, the quantity of bricks burnt at one operation.
1559Morwyng Evonym. 214 Men thinke them to be..les smelling of any fyrines and brenning. 1663Gerbier Counsel 57 The burning of lime in China..being as followeth. 1719De Foe Crusoe (1840) I. ix. 146 Tiles of my own making and burning. 1784Wedgwood in Phil. Trans. LXXIV. 366 The burning-on of enamel colours upon earthen ware. 1881Raymond Mining Gloss., Burning, see Calcining. 1901Pall Mall Gaz. 9 Dec. 8/2 No two burnings (a burning is a kiln full of bricks) have exactly the same shade of colour.
c. Surg. Cautery.
1636Healey Epictetus' Man. 163 To live, of itselfe, is neither good nor evill, no more then cutting or burning. a1677Barrow Serm. II. iv. (R.), To endure cuttings and burnings.
d. See burn v. 13 c.
1688R. Holme Armoury iii. vii. §144 Yet there is another way of joining the two edges together in one, and yet not sodder them, but melt the edges by running hot Lead along it; which is termed the Burning of a joint.
e. burning off. Austral. and N.Z. See burn v.1 13 f.
1800P. G. King in Hist. Rec. N.S.W. (1896) IV. 188 For falling, burning off, and breaking up an acre of ground. 1844C. Chapman Let. 30 Nov. in A. Drummond Married & Gone to N.Z. (1960) iv. 69 Xmas is the time for burning off. 1860in A. F. Ridgway Voices from Auckland 73 The burning off should be driven as late in the season as it is safe to do so. 1891R. Wallace Rural Econ. Austral. & N.Z. xv. 232 Falling [of the bush] is done in winter, and burning off in the middle or end of summer, when everything is withered and the weather dry. 1949D. Walker We went to Australia 201 This was the hot season and all ‘burning off’ strictly forbidden.
†9.
a. Lighting up; illumination. Obs.
1466in Past. Lett. 549 II. 267 For brinnyng of the Abbes [? Abbey] with the torches xxd.
b. The illumination of a river by torches for the gaffing of salmon.
1844W. H. Maxwell Sports & Adv. Scotl. xxix. (1855) 235, I look upon sunning and burning as the acts of privileged poachers.
10. Comb., as (sense 5) burning-lens, burning-mirror, burning-speculum; burning-ghat: see ghaut, ghat 4; † burning-point, the focus of a lens (obs.); burning-fluid, burning-oil, burning-wood; (sense 8) burning-house, burning-iron. Also burning-glass.
1849Weale Dict. Terms, *Burning-house, the furnace in which tin ores are calcined. 1865Morning Star 3 May, There was a large burning-house, that evolved arsenical vapour.
1483Cath. Angl. 32 A *Birnynge yrne..cauterium. 1503Mem. Ripon (Surtees) III. 167 De proficuo ferri Sancti Wilfridi vocati Seintwilfride burningeyron. 1523Fitzherb. Surv. 286 Euery townshyppe..ought to haue a dyuers brennynge yron. 1651C. Cartwright Cert. Relig. i. 96 For which last he was..branded on the shoulder with a hot borning iron.
1831Brewster Optics xxxviii. §164 By means of this powerful *burning lens platina..quartz, garnet..were melted in a few seconds.
1751Chambers Cycl. s.v. Burning-glass, Every concave mirrour..is..a *burning mirrour.
1698A. van Leeuwenhoek in Phil. Trans. XX. 171 The *burning Point of the Magnifying Glass. 1807Hutton Course Math. II. 120 All rays parallel to the axis, are reflected to the focus, or burning point.
1837Whewell Hist. Induct. Sc. (1857) I. 367 Remarkable inventions—as..*burning specula.
1642MS. Acc. St. John's Hosp. Canterb., For fellinge..ashes and other *burning wood vjs.
▪ II. burning, ppl. a.|ˈbɜːnɪŋ|
For forms see the verb.
[f. burn v.1 + -ing2.]
That burns (in the various senses of the verb).
I. Connected with the intr. senses of the verb.
1. In a state of active heat, glowing, flaming.
c1000ælfric on O.T. in Sweet Ags. Reader (1879) 68 Ðas þri cnihtas het se cyning awurpan into byrnendum ofne. c1175Lamb. Hom. 41 On berninde fure. c1270Saints' Lives (Laud MS. 1887) 234 For in þe brennynde hulle..Mi riȝte is to brennen Inne. c1430Life St. Katharine (1884) 41 Among þe flaumes of þat brennyng fyre. 1517R. Torkington Pilgr. (1884) 37 In the likenesse of brennyng tongis. 1713Young Last Day iii. 209 Bound to the bottom of the burning pool.
b. transf. Of fever, thirst, etc.: Characterized by great heat, raging, violent.
1393Langl. P. Pl. C. xx. 83 Byles and bocches and brennyng agues. 1661Lovell Hist. Anim. & Min. 518 A feaver, burning, tertian, and exquisite, requireth a liquid consistence. 1753Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v., On account of a sensation of heat..we say a burning fever. 1857Livingstone Trav. ii. 52 In a state of burning thirst.
c. fig. Of the passions: Ardent, glowing; vehement, excited.
a1300Cursor M., Resurrection 264, p. 988 With brennand luf scho dwelled. a1450Knt. de la Tour (1868) 164 So brenninge plesaunce that they wol neuer eschew thaire synne. 1552Lyndesay Monarche 2570 Thare byrnand yre. 1709Steele Tatler No. 81 ⁋3 A burning Desire to join that glorious Company. 1814Southey Roderick xxiv, With copious tears Of burning anger. 1862Stanley Jew. Ch. (1877) I. xiii. 260 A burning enthusiasm. 1871R. Ellis Catullus lxiv. 226 This burning sorrow within me.
d. fig. In burning shame, burning disgrace, etc., the prevailing idea is now perhaps ‘flagrant, flaming, conspicuous’; but there is often a mixture of notions derived from other senses, such as those of branding, stigmatizing; torturing as an inward fire; causing the cheeks to glow, etc.
1605Shakes. Lear iv. iii. 48 Burning shame Detains him from Cordelia. 1709Steele Tatler No. 44 ⁋5 It is really a burning shame this Man should be tolerated. 1817Chalmers Astron. Disc. vi. 202 [To] sit down in patient endurance under the burning disgrace of such a violation.
2. On fire, as a combustible; in process of being destroyed by fire; enveloped in flames. spec. burning mountain (now arch.), a volcano.
c1000ælfric Deut. ix. 15 Þa ic nyþereode of þam byrnendan munte. c1175Lamb. Hom. 27 He mahte iseon ane berninde glede. c1380Sir Ferumb. 2236 Lucafer þanne tok op an-haste þe brennyngest bronde a couþe. a1502Arnolde Chron. (1811) p. xx, Bering burning coles. 1598Barret Theor. Warres iv. ii. 107 The Sentinell..ought to cock his burning match. 1667Milton P.L. i. 69 A fiery deluge, fed With ever-burning Sulphur unconsum'd. 1690[see volcano 1 a β]. 1712Addison Spect. No. 281 ⁋13 A Pan of burning Coals. 1797Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 686/1 Thus..the foundation of the burning mountain would be laid in the bottom of the sea. 1804M. Lewis in Lewis & Clark Exped. (1905) VI. v. 163, I can hear of no burning mountain in the neighbourhood of the Missouri. 1867Freeman Norm. Conq. (ed. 3) I. v. 324 They were hardly clear of the burning town. 1937C. S. Forester Happy Return i. 22 He heard young Clay bellowing from the masthead, where presumably Gerard had sent him with a glass. ‘Looks like a burning mountain, sir. Two burning mountains. Volcanoes, sir’. 1944A. Holmes Princ. Physical Geol. xx. 444 These ‘fiery’ and ‘smoky’ appearances, together with the glare reflected from the glowing lavas beneath, were responsible for the formerly popular idea that volcanoes are ‘burning mountains’.
b. fig. burning matter, burning question (cf. F. question brûlante, Ger. brennende Frage): one that is under hot discussion, or about which the public are excited.
1865M. Arnold Ess. Crit. i. (1875) 42 Where these burning matters [politics and religion] are in question, it [criticism] is most likely to go astray. 1873Disraeli in St. James's Gaz. (Feb. 1882), Those institutions..in due time will become great and burning questions. a1883Max Müller India, What Can It Teach Us? i. (1883) 32 Take any of the burning questions of the day.
c. fig. That is on fire with feeling and passion, or that glows with vehemence; ardent, fiery.
a1340Hampole Psalter xxiii. 6 Þa ere þai þat ere brennandere in luf. 1508Fisher Wks. i. (E.E.T.) 182 Shynynge in fayth..brennynge in charyte. a1560Rolland Crt. Venus Prol. 68 Bauld and birnand in rancour and malice. 1819Byron Juan iii. lxxxvi, The isles of Greece! Where burning Sappho lov'd and sung. 1873G. C. Davies Mount. & Mere xiv. 117, I had prepared a most burning and eloquent address.
3. In a highly heated state; exceedingly hot. † burning line: the equator (obs.). burning zone: the torrid zone (poet.).
1483Caxton G. de la Tour C iij b, The devil..dyde put brennyng nedles through her browes. 1553Eden Treat. New Ind. (Arb.) 10 Vnder the Equinoctial or burninge lyne. 1661Lovell Hist. Anim. & Min., Engendring cholerick humours, and burning bloud. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 390 In the Desart Land Of Libya travels, o'er the burning Sand. 1713Addison Cato i. iii. 31 Lord of half the burning Zone. 1807Crabbe Library 318 We trace In dens and burning plains, her savage race.
b. burning scent: strong, very ‘warm’ scent; burning chase: hot, uninterrupted, pursued without a check.
a1700Dryden (J.), He shot by me Like a young hound upon a burning scent. 1755Young Centaur Wks. 1762 IV. 182 Ye staunch pursuers of Pleasure Opening full cry on its burning Scent. 1854R. Massie in Bk. Praise iv. No. 358 (1862) 384 The hart..Heated in the burning chace. 1859Art Taming Horses xii. 200 Burning scent, when hounds go so fast, from the goodness of the scent, they have no breath to spare, and run almost mute.
4. That burns luminously; giving light, shining; transf. glowing as if incandescent.
c1000Ags. Gosp. John v. 35 He wæs byrnende leoht-fæt and lyhtende. 1297R. Glouc. 534 The bissops amansede alle..Mid berninde taperes. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xviii. ix. (1495) 759 The serpent Ophites is paynted wyth brennyng speckles. c1430Lydg. Bochas vi. i. (1554) 143 Brenning eyen sparkling of their light. 1564Becon Gen. Pref. in Wks. (1843) 18 They are..like unto a brenning candle. 1596Spenser F.Q. i. v. 6 Burning blades about their heades [they] doe blesse. 1821Shelley Prometh. Unb. ii. i. 22 The burning threads of woven cloud unravel.
II. Connected with the trans. senses of the verb.
5. Affecting with heat; scorching, withering.
1382Wyclif Gen. xli. 23 Other seuen [eeris], thinne and smytun with a brennynge blaste. c1620Z. Boyd Zion's Flowers (1855) 38 The burning ray, That from the sun comes. 1718Pope Iliad i. 90 Phoebus [shall] dart his burning shafts no more. 1805Wordsw. Waggoner i. 1 'Tis spent—this burning day of June!
b. Causing a sensation like that of contact with fire. † burning water = ardent spirit (obs.).
1460–70Bk. Quintessence 2 Oure quinta essencia..hath .iij. names..brennynge watir, þe soule in þe spirit of wyn, and watir of lijf. 1528Paynell Salerne Regim. F iv b, Wyne citrine is not so burnynge as redde claret. 1559Morwyng Evonym. 8 Brenning water..doth..make hoat and dry mens bodies. 1578Lyte Dodoens i. lxxxvii. 129 The small burning Nettell. 1878Britten & Holland Plant-n., Burning Nettle, Urtica urens, L.
c. That resembles heat in its effects.
1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 675 Burning Isicles are lodg'd within. 1821Shelley Prometh. Unb. i. 33 The bright chains Eat with their burning cold into my bones.
6. quasi-adv., as in burning hot.
1475Bk. Noblesse (1860) 6 Now at erst the irnesse be brennyng hote in the fire. 1549Compl. Scot. vi. 52 Ther tua symmyrs ar vondir birnand heyt. Mod. It was a burning hot day in July.
7. In parasynthetic combinations.
1597Drayton Mortimer. 145 His Cradell Phalaris burning-bellyed Bull. |