| 释义 |
scraper|ˈskreɪpə(r)|
[f. scrape v. + -er1.]
I. One who scrapes.
1. a. One who ‘scrapes together’; esp. one who strives meanly to make and save money, a money-grubber. Now rare.
1561T. Norton Calvin's Inst. iii. 216 As about this present question he taketh in a maner al out of Augustines boke of repentance, which is foolishly botched of good & bad by som scraper together. 1619Hieron Wks. I. 35 The rakers and scrapers of this world,..as though there were no God in heauen to make prouision for them, lay about them, leauing no vile vngodly oppressing courses vnassayed. 1633G. Herbert Temple, Ch. Porch xxvi, Never was scraper brave man. 1755Johnson, Scraper, a miser; a man intent on getting money; a scrapepenny. 1882Besant All Sorts xlii, Everywhere there are scrapers and scatterers; the scrapers are few, and the scatterers are many.
†b. An unscrupulous plunderer. Obs.
1598Barret Theor. Warres i. ii. 11 Not in the spoile of apparel, robes, and trash, Least he be accounted an vnruly scraper, as too many now a dayes be. a1604Hanmer Chron. Irel. (1809) 320 Hugh Tirell his fellow scraper, tooke from the poore Priests at Armagh, a great brasse panne.
2. a. One who scrapes (something specified or implied). mezzotint scraper: see scrape v. 2 e.
1591Percivall Sp. Dict., Escarvador, a scraper, Scalptor. 1762–71H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Paint. (1786) III. 234 note, He was both painter and scraper in mezzotinto. 1788Ld. R. Seymour in Murray's Mag. I. 484 A Carrot Scraper in St. James' Market, who sleeps in a little Kennel. 1839Ure Dict. Arts 943 After which it [parchment] is transferred to the scraper. This workman employs here an edge tool of the same shape as the fleshing-knife, but larger and sharper.
b. A derogatory term for a fiddler.
1611Chapman May-day iv. i, Strike vp, Scrapers. 1709Addison Tatler No. 157 ⁋16 Mr. Bickerstaff..summons all his Disciples, whether..Toasts, Smarts,..Musicians or Scrapers, to make their Appearance at the Playhouse. 1835Carrick, etc. Laird of Logan (1841) 140 ‘Year!’ responded the astonished scraper of cat-gut. 1898Besant Orange Girl i. i, A common scraper on a crowd like a one-legged man with a Jack in the Green.
c. A contemptuous term for a barber.
1792New Year's Morning Edin. 12 (E.D.D.) Gart the puir scraper tyne his feet. 1869Public Opinion 19 June (Farmer), The beard and moustache, which the sailors in the Royal Navy will be permitted to wear, thereby doing away with the objection that blue-jackets have to the scraper.
3. A bird that ‘scrapes’ or scratches in the soil. Used Ornith. to render mod.L. Rasores, a former order of gallinaceous birds.
1615Chapman Odyss. xxiv. Epil., Yet this inestimable Pearle, wil all Our Dunghil Chanticleres, but obuious call; Each Moderne scraper, this Gem scratching by; His Oate preferring far. 1837Macgillivray Brit. Birds I. 100 Order 1. Rasores. Scrapers. 1894Month Oct. 163 The old school of ornithologists divided them..into birds of prey, perchers, climbers, scrapers, waders, and swimmers.
II. An instrument for scraping with.
4. A scraping instrument held in the hand.
a. gen. and in various technical applications: see quots.
1552Huloet, Scraper or rubber, scalprum. Scrapynge knyffe, scalprum. 1751Chambers Cycl. s.v. Bookbinding, Manner of gilding books on the edges.—The book, being put in the press, between two boards, is scraped with a knife called a scraper. 1849Weale's Dict. Terms, Scraper, a piece of iron used to take out the pulverized matter which remains in a hole when bored previous to blasting. 1852C. Morfit Tanning & Currying (1853) 203 Over which the skin..is laid with the hair side up; and he then scrapes the surface strongly from above downward, with the scraper. 1894Sir J. D. Astley Fifty Yrs. Life I. 14, I hated scraping ham—that was a job I did bar; for in the first place, it isn't easy, and the next, you are more likely to scrape your knuckles with the scraper than the ham. 1895Stores' Price List, Artists' Scrapers. 2½ in. Steel Blade, Ebony Handle. Ibid., Steel pipe bowl scraper.
b. (a) Antiq. Used to render the L. strigil (see strigil). (b) ‘An instrument with which to clean the tongue by scraping off the fur’ (Cent. Dict. 1891). (c) An instrument for scraping off the sweat from horses.
(a)1581Mulcaster Positions xxxiv. (1887) 123 Then with certaine scrapers called Strigiles, they had all their filth scrapte of their bodies. 1756C. Smart tr. Hor., Sat. ii. vii. (1826) II. 165 Is that boy guilty, who by night pawns a stolen scraper for some grapes? 1904Budge 3rd & 4th Egypt. Rooms Brit. Mus. 43 Iron strigil, or skin-scraper.
(b)1685Lond. Gaz. No. 2040/4 A Gold Scraper for the Tongue. 1895Stores' Price List, Tongue Scrapers (Tortoiseshell and Ivory).
(c)1667Dk. Newcastle Method of Dressing Horses 124 But, the Best of all is the Knife-[of-]Heat, which is the Scraper; for, when he is Hot, Scraping of Him gets all the Sweat..out of him. 1875Knight Dict. Mech. 1895Kipling Maltese Cat in Pall Mall Gaz. 26 June 2/2 [A polo pony] stiffening up to get all the tickle out of the big vulcanite scraper.
c. An instrument (of various forms) used for scraping off paint, tar, adhesive labels, etc. from wooden surfaces.
A common form in nautical use consists of a triangular plate of metal, with a handle inserted perpendicularly in the middle; another form has a curved blade between two handles.
1691T. H[ale] Acc. New Invent. 80 Cleaned with brushes, or Scrapers if barnicled. 1883Clark Russell Sailors' Lang., Scraper, a triangular iron instrument for scraping the deck.
d. Engraving. A three-sided tool used to remove burrs left by the graver, etching needle, or dry-point, or to obliterate lines. Also the similar instrument used in ‘scraping’ mezzotint.
1747Sculptura-Hist.-Techn. 225 Take a Burnisher, or Scraper, and burnish that Part of the Plate. 1883J. W. Mollett Dict. Art & Archæol., Scraper, an engraver's tool for removing burrs.
e. An implement of varying construction used by primitive peoples for removing the hair from skins. Hence, in prehistoric archæology, applied to a particular type of flint implements (otherwise known as thumb-flints), from their conjectured use.
1865Lubbock Preh. Times 71 The so-called ‘scrapers’..are oblong stones, rounded at one end, which is brought to a bevelled edge by a series of small blows. 1872J. Evans Anc. Stone Implements xiii. 268 One of the simple forms into which flakes are susceptible of being readily converted has, in consequence of its similarity in character to a stone implement in use among the Esquimaux for scraping skins and other purposes, received the name of a ‘scraper’, or, to use the term first, I believe, employed by the late Mons. E. Lartet, a grattoir. 1900Archæol. æliana XXII. 83 A ‘thumbflint’ or ‘scraper’ and also a large rough flint core were found by a tenant of one of the glebe farms.
f. More fully cabinet scraper. A thin rectangular piece of metal whose sharpened long edge is pushed over the surface of wood to smooth it.
1909Wells & Hooper Mod. Cabinet Work v. 72 A carefully sharpened scraper frequently permits of about twelve resharpenings in all. 1924H. G. Phillips Cabinetmaking i. 14 A very fine shaving is taken off with the scraper, which leaves the surface ready to be glasspapered. 1970Canadian Antiques Collector Jan. 27/2 The only satisfactory method is the use of a cabinet scraper. 1977Reader's Digest Bk. Do-it-Yourself Skills & Techniques ii. 77/1 Cabinet scrapers give a satin-smooth finish to hardwood. Ibid., If a scraper becomes hot and produces dust instead of shavings during use, it needs resharpening.
g. Mus. A simple percussion instrument.
1953J. G. Moore in Dict. Jamaican Eng. (1967) 396/1 The scraper, a corrugated stick across which is rubbed a plain stick [in pocomania and revivalist services]. 1956M. Stearns Story of Jazz (1957) v. 53 The typically African instruments, such as drums, gourd rattles, and scrapers. 1958E. Borneman in P. Gammond Decca Bk. Jazz xxi. 275 One of the many..indigenous African string instruments, hand drums, scrapers, shakers and gong-gong. 1961A. C. Baines Musical Instruments through Ages i. 27 Scrapers have survived into modern times, for instance in the folk music of Venezuela. 1976D. Munrow Instr. Middle Ages & Renaissance 32/2 Most of the instrumental types described are of very ancient origin indeed, drums, rattles, and scrapers being the commonest instruments of primitive man.
5. An appliance, usually consisting of a metal blade with a horizontal upper edge, fixed outside the door of a house for persons to scrape off upon it the dirt from the soles of their boots or shoes before entering.
1729Swift Direct. Serv. iii. Wks. 1751 XIV. 47 Never clean your Shoes on the Scraper, but in the Entry,..by which..the Scraper will last the longer. 1833J. Bennett Artificer's Lexicon 366 Scrapers. Garden, hall, and door, from 1s. 6d. 1871Punch 2 Dec. 235/2 Due observance of the scraper and the door-mat.
6. Lithography. (See quot. 1875.)
1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 304 Behind the inking-cylinder K, a rubber, or scraper, is placed, to press very lightly against the cylinder, and to prevent the ink accumulating in rings round the cylinder. 1875Knight Dict. Mech., Scraper, the board in a lithographic press whose edge is lowered on to the tympan-sheet, to bring the requisite pressure upon the paper.
7. a. A machine (or scoop) drawn by horses or oxen for excavating ditches, canals, etc., for levelling and making roads, or for raising and removing soil, dirt, weeds, etc. a short distance. In mod. use spec. an earth-mover, either self-propelled or towed, that works on the principle of a scoop.
1815T. B. Hazard Nailer Tom's Diary (1930) 442/2 Delivered C. R. Potter p[ai]r Scrapers and a Chain to hich horseis with. 1823New England Farmer II. 9 The most expeditious, effectual, and economic mode of making a drain would undoubtedly be to use oxen, and a scraper or ox-shovel, as it is sometimes called. 1840H. S. Tanner Canals & Rail Roads U.S. 259 Scraper, a machine drawn by horses or oxen, for excavating trenches, for canals, rail-roads, &c. 1884Longman's Mag. Feb. 414 Subsequent snows are removed by means of a ‘scraper’, a kind of scoop upon wheels which is drawn over the ice by horses. 1886Encycl. Brit. XX. 588/1 A horse scraping machine which delivers the mud at the side is also used, the blades of the scrapers being mounted obliquely. 1930Engineering 7 Mar. 306/1 There are three of these scrapers in each warehouse, their function being to drag down the potash from the several heaps into the central longitudinal opening in the floor. 1939C. W. Towne Her Majesty Montana 120 Abolishing the back-breaking labor of mucking, power driven scrapers and mechanical mucking machines are now usual. 1958Engineering 14 Feb. 219 For outside work the three most important types of machine—all rubber tyred—are the self-propelled scrapers, mechanical shovels and the cranes. 1974Encycl. Brit. Micropædia VIII. 996/2 The scraper is the dominant tool in highway construction.
b. An instrument for scraping dirt, mud, etc. from roads, etc. Also road-scraper.
1831Loudon Encycl. Agric. (1857) §2464 The scraper may be described as a broad hoe, of treble the usual size and strength, used in cleaning roads or court-yards, and sometimes in cleaning grassy surfaces. Ibid. §3133 The Dutch hoe is a good road and lawn scraper. 1858Simmonds Dict. Trade, Scraper,..a long hoe for cleansing roads of mud. 1909Daily News 22 Dec. 6/1 There were some men out with scrapers, but..until late in the afternoon, pedestrians had to wade through..the.. streets ankle deep in slush.
c. U.S. A small dredge for taking oysters, etc.
1881E. Ingersoll Oyster-Industry 247 Scraper, a small dredge. Chiefly spoken of with reference to scallops. 1887G. B. Goode, etc. Fisheries U.S. v. II. 571.
8. = pig n.1 9.
1897B. J. Crew Practical Treat. Petroleum xiv. 449 Under ordinary circumstances the scraper passes rapidly through the lines, cutting off all the sedimentary matter that has adhered to the pipes. 1959Petroleum Handbk. (Shell Internat. Petroleum Co. Ltd.) (ed. 4) 330 A radioactive cartridge may be fitted to the scraper as a means of locating it, should the scraper become stuck in the line. 1976M. Machlin Pipeline xlviii. 497 The oil itself, at seven miles an hour, took four and a half days to make the trip from Prudhoe to Valdez, pushing the scraper before it to separate it from the test water in the pipes.
III. Slang or jocular uses.
9. Anglo-Irish. Phrase: to take to one's scrapers: to take to one's heels, decamp.
1792S. Burdy Life of Rev. Philip Skelton 84 The militia men..took to their scrapers to save themselves. 1824Mactaggart Gallovid. Encycl. 47 She took to her ‘scrapers’, as the Irish phrase it. 1842S. Lover Handy Andy xxxvi, He took to his scrapers.
10. A cocked hat.
Perh. with allusion to the shape: see 4 c.
1818‘A. Burton’ Johnny Newcome i. 24 And John in Uniform arrayed: Behold him! with his dirk and scraper, And new Coatee, as stiff as paper. 1828Moir Mansie Wauch xi. 95 He had a well-worn scraper on his head, peaked before and behind. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Scraper... Also, metaphorically, a cocked hat, whether shipped fore-and-aft or worn athwart-ships.
IV.
11. attrib. and Comb., as in scraper-knife; scraper board Art (see quot. 1972); also, a piece of this material; scraper-box, the frame holding the ‘scraper’ of a lithographic press; scraper-mat, a door-mat of wire or parallel strips of metal serving the purpose of a scraper; scraper-plane = scraping-plane (see scraping vbl. n. 3); scraper ring, a piston ring whose function is to scrape oil off the cylinder wall.
1895E. J. Wall tr. Fritz's Photo-Lithography i. 25 A smooth white *scraper board made by Angerer and Göschl of Vienna, which has a very even film of chalk, and which takes the lines clean and vigorously, is especially suitable for pen and ink work. 1925Art & Publicity (Studio: Special Autumn No.) (Advt., verso front cover), Scraper boards with plain, embossed, or tinted surface for drawing for reproduction of line or half-tone. 1945J. C. Tarr Printing To-day viii. 95 Line engravings are also made from scraper-board originals. This board is covered with a thick layer of china clay and size upon which indian ink can be drawn or brushed, and scratched away with a knife. 1972P. Croy Graphic Design & Reproduction Techniques (ed. 2) 162 Scraper board technique is an interesting method of producing white-and-black drawings. Scraper board consists of a base card coated with white and black chalk layers. The surface layer is scratched..exposing the underneath layer. Scraper board can be bought with a white surface and a black under⁓layer.
1853Ure Dict. Arts II. 79 The..*scraper-box [in the lithographic press].
1903Daily Mail 3 Sept. 7/3 The bee-keeping beginner should provide himself with..a *scraper-knife, a comb foundation [etc.].
1884Health Exhib. Catal. 89/1 Metal *Scraper-Mats..suitable for all gravel-walk entrances.
1895Stores' Price List, Adjustable *scraper Planes... For scraping and finishing Veneers [etc.].
1918W. E. Dommett Dict. Aircraft 35 The lowest ring, when placed at the bottom of the skirt, is known as a ‘*Scraper Ring’. 1928C. F. S. Gamble Story North Sea Air Station xiii. 216 In the early days considerable difficulty was experienced with these engines owing to the rapid deterioration of the scraper rings fitted on the piston heads. 1980Haynes & Legg Citroën CX Owners Workshop Man. i. 29/1 The oil control ring is fitted to the bottom groove, the scraper ring to the middle groove, and the compression ring to the top groove.
Sense 11 in Dict. becomes 12. Add: [III.] 11. ellipt. for sky-scraper n. 4.
1928Melody Maker Feb. 228/1 The ‘Radiac’ [theatre] was built somewhat squat in order to strike a note of originality amongst the 500 feet ‘scrapers’ which surrounded it. 1942Berrey & Van den Bark Amer. Thes. Slang §83/11 Skyscraper,..scraper. 1983Observer 11 Dec. 25/1 Just over the crest stood the abandoned University of Chicago building, a charred, black-stoned old scraper. 1988Courier-Mail (Brisbane) 27 June 3/1 (heading) Premier queries scraper. |