| 释义 |
▪ I. bread, n.1|brɛd|
Forms: 1 bréad, 2–3 bread, (2 brad), 2–3 bræd, 2–7 bred, (3–5 bredd), 3–6 brede, (4 bryad, bryead), 4–6 breed(e, 5–7 breade, 6– bread, 5– Sc. breid, (6–7 bredde, 7 braid, 9 dial. brade).
[OE. bréad, pl. bréadru: repr. WGer. *braud, and corresp. to OFris. brâd, OS. brôd (MDu. broot-de, Du. brood, LG. brôd, brood), OHG., MHG. brôt (Ger. brod, brot); ON. brauð (Sw., Da. bröd):—OTeut. *braudoz-, a neuter -os stem, not preserved in Gothic. The original Teutonic name for bread survives in the modern loaf (OE. hláf, OHG. hleib, ON. hleifr, Goth. hlaifs, hlaibs, OTeut. *hlaibo-z) formerly in all the langs. in the sense of ‘bread’ and ‘loaf’. Braudoz-, brôd, bréad, appears to have originally meant ‘piece, bit, fragment, L. frustum’: but already in OS. and OHG. it had the acquired sense of ‘bread’; ‘OHG. shows no clear distinction of meaning between brôt and hleib’ (Sievers). In OE. bréad is rare: the later Blickling Glosses have the pl. bréadru, ‘frusta’ (i.e. ‘pieces, bits’). The other examples are all Northumbrian, in the Lindisfarne (& Rushw.) gloss; viz. John xiii. 27, 30 translating buccella, the ‘mouthful’ given to Judas, for which the Ags. Gospels have bitan, Wyclif morsel, Rhemish morsel. In verse 26 where the Vulgate twice renders the same Gr. word (ψωµίον bit, piece) by ‘panem’, later versions ‘bread’, the Ags. has hláf, Lindisf. laf, which seems to show that bréad was not yet identified with panis. But in John vi. 23, bréad actually represents panem of the Vulgate (= ἄρτον), and hláf of the Ags. version: where however broken bread is in question. Before 1200 bread had quite displaced hláf as the name of the substance, leaving to the latter the sense ‘loaf’ which it has since retained. It thus appears that a word originally meaning ‘piece, bit, frustum’, has passed through the senses of ‘piece of bread’, ‘broken bread’, into that of ‘bread’ as a substance; while at the same time the original word for ‘bread, loaf, panis’ has been restricted to the undivided article as shaped and baked, the ‘loaf’. The Lowland Scotch and north. dial. use of piece illustrates anew the first step in this transition, for it is the regular word for a piece of bread, as in ‘give the bairn a piece’, ‘a beggar asking a piece’, a ‘piece-poke’, a ‘gie's-a-piece’ i.e. a beggar.
So also in Slovenish, ‘kruh, ‘bread’ is literally ‘a piece, something broken off’’ (Miklosich, Etym. Wbch. Slav. Spr. 143).
With brôd, bréad, Prof. Sievers connects the Ger. brosame crumb, in OHG. brôsma, OS. brôsmo:—OTeut. braudsmon-, the sense of which confirms the original meaning of *braudoz-, and points to some root having the sense of ‘break’. OE. bréotan does not answer phonetically. (The preceding facts are, of course, quite inconsistent with the conjecture that bread is a deriv. of the verb-root bru to brew.)]
I.
†1. (Only in OE.) Bit, piece, morsel (of food). See above in Etymology.
2. a. A well-known article of food prepared by moistening, kneading, and baking meal or flour, generally with the addition of yeast or leaven.
c950Lindisf. Gosp. John vi. 23 Neh ðær stoue ðær ᵹeeton þæt bread [Ags. Gosp. þone hlaf]. c1175Cott. Hom. 233 Hi hadden brad and win and vii sandon. c1200Moral Ode 191 in Trin. Coll. Hom. 225 We ȝieueð..a steche of ure breade. c1200Ormin 1590 Þerrflinng bræd iss clene bræd. a1300Cursor M. 15233 Takes and etes o þis bred, For fless þan es it min. 1340Ayenb. 107 A zop of hot bryead. c1383Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 443 Þis sacrid ooste is verrey Goddis body and verrey breede. 1413Lydg. Pylgr. Sowle v. xiii. (1483) 104 This breed and this wyn the hyhe kyng blessith with his hand. c1440Bone Flor. 1004 Be hym y sawe in forme of bredd, When the preest can synge. 1562J. Heywood Prov. & Epigr. (1867) 30 Better is halfe a lofe than no bread. 1600Holland Livy xlviii. 1237 To chew his bare bread. 1609Skene Reg. Maj. 151 They make not breid agreand to the money. 1655Mouffet & Benn. Health's Improv. 236 Bread and Cheese be the two targets against death. 1713Lond. & Country Brew. ii. (1743) 94, I do not care how white my Bread is. 1799tr. H. Meister's Lett. 228 You write bread, and you pronounce it bred. 1843Hood The Shirt v, O God! that bread should be so dear, And flesh and blood so cheap!
b. The plural has been used as a literalism of translation (obs.); also in sense of ‘kinds of bread’; and colloq. of individual portions or helpings of bread.
1547Boorde Brev. Health Pref. 4 They must knowe the operacyon of all maner of breades, of drinkes, and of meates. 1579Fulke Heskins' Parl. 140 Three sundry breades are mentioned by Christe. 1609Bible (Douay) Ps. xl. 10 The man also..who did eate my breades. ― Prov. xii. 11 He that tilleth his land, shall be filled with breads. 1865Pall Mall G. 11 Oct. 3 By two o'clock we were all seated, nibbling at our breads in a famished way.
c. to break bread: (a) to break it for one's own mouthfuls; hence to eat or partake of bread or food; (b) (from N.T.) to break it for distribution to others, to dispense bread, or fig. the bread of life; also to break the sacramental bread in the Communion of the Lord's Supper, to administer or join in the Communion.
a1300Cursor M. 12559 Noþer durst þai..ne brek þair brede, ne tast þair mes, Till he war cummen til þair des. 1382Wyclif Lam. iv. 4 The litil childer askeden bred, and ther was not that shulde breke to them. ― Acts xx. 7 Whanne we comen for to breke breed, Poul disputide with hem. ― Mark xiv. 22 Jhesus took bred, and blessinge brak, and ȝaf to hem.c1430Syr Gener. 3067 Elles brede mot I neuer breke. 1583Stubbes Anat. Abus ii. 74 To breeke the bread of life to their charges. 1598Shakes. Merry W. i. iv. 161 An honest maid as euer broke bread. 1607― Timon i. ii. 48 The fellow that sits next him, now parts bread with him. 1813Byron Br. Abydos ii. xvi, Not all who break his bread are true. 1878H. Smart Play or Pay i, The sole stranger that has broken bread with the ―th Hussars this evening.
d. Often phraseologically combined with the name of some other article eaten or drunk with it, as bread and milk, meat, salt, water: bread and cheese, fig. for plain fare, needful food, victuals, living; also, a child's name for the young leaves of the Hawthorn, the Wood-Sorrel or ‘Cuckoo-bread’, and one or two other plants; bread and milk, bread saturated with boiling milk; also, the Cuckoo-flower (Cardamine pratensis); † bread and salt, an old form of oath, whence to take bread and salt, to swear; bread and wine, the ‘elements’ in the Communion. Also bread and butter. See also water n. 2 a.
1589in H. Hall Soc. in Eliz. Age (1886) 219 *Bread and cheese, vid. 1598Shakes. Merry W. ii. i. 140, I loue not the humour of bread and cheese. 1795Wolcott (P. Pindar) Lousiad iii. Wks. 1812 I. 247 Morpheus..gave To brainless Authors, bread and cheese, and fame. 1857Hughes Tom Brown iii, Cut with their bread-and-cheese knives. 1875, etc. [see E.D.D.]. 1952F. White Good Eng. Food i. vi. 69 Hawthorn..the budding leaves of which..are called by the children ‘bread and cheese’.
1691Wood Ath. Oxon II./332 He taught School..to gain *bread and drink.
1785R. Bromfield in Med. Commun. II. 24 A *bread and milk poultice. a1869Conington Misc. Writ. (1872) I. 247 To our taste it savours too much of the bread and milk of the nursery.
1575J. Still Gamm. Gurton v. ii, No other wight, save she, by *bred and salt. 1599Shakes. Hen. V, v. i. 9. 1604 Dekker Honest Wh. v. ii, He took bread and salt..that he would never open his lips.
1552Abp. Hamilton Catech. 18 The propir mater..of this haly sacrament, quhilk is *breid and wyne. 1886Morley Crit. Misc. I. 298 He was willing to continue the [Communion] service..on condition that he should not himself partake of the bread and wine.
e. With qualifying words, as black bread, a coarser dark kind made of some inferior grain; native bread, an underground fungus (Mylitta australis) eaten by Australian aborigines; also brown-bread, q.v. For ammunition bread, barley-bread, etc., see first element of comb.
1863Watts Dict. Chem. I. 657 The coarser kinds of bread, such as the..*black bread of Germany.
1549–62Sternhold & H. Ps. cxxvii. 2 Feeding full hardly with *browne bread.
1616Markham Countrey Farm v. xx. 578 Of the meale wholly together..is made *houshold bread. And when the greatest of the branne is taken away, then there is usually made thereof citizens bread.
1866Treas. Bot. II. 769/1 The *Native Bread of Australia..when dry becomes extremely hard and horny. 1884Times 14 Aug. 3 A fungoid plant, the Tasmanian native bread, weighed, when fresh, 37 lbs.
f. In proverbial and other expressions, as † bread of wheat, † God's bread, 'od's bread: i.e. the sacramental bread: an obs. form of adjuration or oath. † to bake any one's bread: see bake v. 6. to know on which side one's bread is buttered: to have the sense to know where one's interest lies. to take the bread out of one's mouth: to take away his livelihood, to take from a person what he is on the very point of enjoying. bread buttered on both sides: great good fortune, lucky circumstances.
c1380Sir Ferumb. 2986 Wel sone hur bred was y-bake? hure lif-dawes wern ago. a1500Songs & Carols 15th C. (1856) 4 The eldest dowter swor, be bred of qwete. 1562J. Heywood Prov. & Epigr. (1867) 71, I know on which syde my bread is buttred. 1592Shakes. Rom. & Jul. iii. v. 177 Gods bread, it makes me mad. 1681Roxb. Ballads (1886) VI. 173 'Ods Bread, she's jealous I trow! 1708Motteux Rabelais iv. xvi, You little Prigs, will you offer to take the Bread out of my Mouth? 1837Lockhart Scott (1839) I. 206 note, Wherever Walter goes he is pretty sure to find his bread buttered on both sides. 1845J. W. Croker in Papers (1884) III. xxiv. 47 Lord Johnny dashed forward to take the bread out of his [Peel's] mouth.
g. bread and circuses [tr. L. (Juv. Sat. x. 80 Duas tantum res anxius optat, Panem et circenses.)], used allusively for food and entertainment, esp. when provided by a government to assuage the populace.
1914H. P. Eden (title) Bread and circuses. 1924Kipling Debits & Credits (1926) 217 Rome has always debauched her beloved Provincia with bread and circuses. 1937‘N. Blake’ There's Trouble Brewing i. 23 Bread and circuses, with me figuring as the circus. 1967Listener 16 Mar. 373/1 The almost Roman outpouring of stale bread and dull circuses in what is supposed to be the more ‘entertaining’ side of television.
3.
†a. (With pl.) A loaf, a roll; also, a broken piece, or fragment, of bread. Obs.
c1325E.E. Allit. P. B 1405 Burnes berande þe bredes vpon brode skeles. c1450Henryson Tale of Dog 38 Ane certane breid, worth five schillings or mair. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 192 The xii baskettes of breedes yt remayned..in y⊇ great myracle of our lorde. 1535Coverdale 1 Kings xix. 6 At his heade there was a bred [Wyclif loaf] baken on the coles. 1609Skene Reg. Maj. 134 Gif ane man is taken..with ane bread, the price of ane halfe pennie. 1643Prynne Sov. Power Parl. ii. 32 Scarce a penny bread a day to support their lives.
b. In full altar-bread. A sacramental wafer. Usu. pl.
1849Altar-breads [see altar B. II]. 1877J. D. Chambers Div. Worship 352 The Breads being now on the Corporal. 1899W. J. S. Simpson Mem. W. S. Simpson 154 An iron instrument for stamping the altar breads.
4. a. Taken as a type of ordinary food or victual. (Perhaps from the Lord's Prayer.) bread of idleness: food not worked for; so similar phrases, as bread of affliction, etc. † full of bread: full-fed.
c1175Lamb. Hom. 63 Gif us to dei ure deies bred. 1340Ayenb. 110 Vayre uader oure bryad of eche daye yef ous to day. 1382Wyclif Isa. xxxiii. 16 Bred to hym is ȝoue, his watris ben feithful. 1388― Deut. xvi. 3 Thou schalt ete breed of affliccioun. c1400Destr. Troy 13549 Me bus, as a beggar, my bred for to thigge. 1535Coverdale Ex. xxiii. 25 So shal he blesse thy bred & thy water [Wyclif, looues, and watris]. 1593Shakes. Rich. II, iii. i. 21 Eating the bitter bread of banishment. 1602Shakes. Ham. iii. iii. 80 He tooke my Father grossely, full of bread. 1611Bible Prov. xxxi. 27 She..eateth not the bread of idleness [Wyclif, idil bred; Coverdale bred with ydilnes]. ― Ezek. xvi. 49 Pride, fulnesse of bread, and aboundance of idlenesse was in her. a1700Dryden Ovid's Met., Pythag. Philos. 132 If men..chaw with bloody teeth the breathing bread. 1832Marryat N. Forster xi, You cannot eat the bread of idleness on board of a man-of-war. 1842Tennyson Lady Clare 26, I speak the truth, as I live by bread!
b. fig.
c1380Wyclif John vi. 35, I am breed of lyf. 1542–60Becon Potat. for Lent. Wks. (1843) 105 Touch not the thievish breads of perverse doctrine. 1660Jer. Taylor Worthy Commun. i. §1. 21 The holy Sacrament..the bread of elect souls. 1875Hamerton Intell. Life x. iv. 358 The daily bread of literature and art.
5. a. Livelihood, means of subsistence.
1719De Foe Crusoe i, I was under no necessity of seeking my bread. 1727A. Hamilton New Acc. E. Indies II. xxxv. 31 Poor miserable Fishers, who get their Bread out of the Water, to keep them from starving. 1777Burke Corr. (1844) II. 170 The bread of a family depends on that man's paralytic hand. 1802M. Edgeworth Moral T. (1816) I. 205 You..make your bread by your..pen. 1822Byron Vis. Judgm. xcvi, He meant no harm in scribbling..'twas..his bread. 1848Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 142 Many officers..arbitrarily deprived of their commissions and of their bread.
b. in good bread: in a good living or position (?obs.); in bad bread: in a bad state, in difficulties; in disfavour with a person. dial. and U.S.
1763in Essex Inst. Hist. Coll. (1913) XLIX. 139 Mr. Barnard..is now in good bread, and seems loth to affront his people by telling them plainly of these public sins. 1778Ibid. (1907) XLIII. 11 Old England I beleve is got into Bad Bread. Ibid. 16 Hope it is the French Fleet, if not we shall be in Bad Bread, but we must see it out with them. 1785Grose Dict. Vulgar T. s.v. Bread, In bad bread; in a disagreeable scrape, or situation. 1825Jamieson Suppl. s.v. Bread, To be in bad bread, to be in a dilemma, or in an evil taking. 1894P. H. Hunter J. Inwick xviii. 223, I saw fine I was gaun to be in bad breid wi' baith sides.
c. Money. slang (orig. U.S.).
[1939Ramsey & Smith Jazzmen (1940) iii. 63 Inside the low, smoky room, the musicians sweated for their bread.] 1952Down Beat 18 June 15 If I had bread (Dizzy's basic synonym for loot) I'd certainly start a big band again. 1965L. W. Holt in J. H. Clarke Harlem 207 There won't be much ‘cake’ unless the brothers should happen to get some bread to buy it with. 1967C. Drummond Death at Furlong Post iii. 28 So me with all that bread..maybe a week, and then I get the plane.
6. Extended to various preparations of the composition or nature of bread.
†a. Pie-crust; pastry. Obs.
a1300Cursor M. 4487 A lepe..Wit bred þat i bar on mi heued. c1420Anturs of Arth. xxvii, Briddes bacun in bred. c1475Sqr. lowe Degre 319 Wyth byrdes in brede y bake.
†b. Sea-biscuit. Obs.
1651Proc. Parliament No. 84. 1289 We have taken..2 casks of Bread, and one barrel of Pease in one Vessel. 1746in W. Thompson R.N. Advoc. (1757) 18 The Bread..is all good, but..it has been..long aboard. 1793Pitt in G. Rose Diaries (1860) I. 128, I rather imagine he uses the term bread, as synonymous with biscuit.
c. Other preparations of corn or flour. U.S.
1863Life in South II. 237 An abundant supply of cold chicken, ham, and ‘breads’, as all the variety of corn cakes, waffles, hot rolls, and hominy are called.
7. Short for bee-bread. (In 17th c. pollen.)
1676Grew Anat. Flowers v. §1 That Body which Bees gather and carry upon their Thighs, and is commonly called their Bread..The Bread is a Kind of Powder; yet somewhat moist.
II. attrib. and Comb.
8. simple attrib. Of bread, esp. as a material (bread pudding, etc.); about or for bread, as bread riots.
1723J. Nott Cook's & Confectioner's Dict. P. §235 To make a Bread-pudding. 1783S. Chapman in Med. Commun. I. 287 A bit of..light bread pudding. 1860Mayne Expos. Lex. 170/1 The bread poultice, used as emollient in ordinary cases. 1883Harper's Mag. Mar. 578/2 The crusts saved for a bread pudding. 1968Listener 26 Sept. 423/2 The secret of a good bread pudding is adding enough spices and fruit, especially currants.
9. General comb.:
a. attributive, as bread-bag, bread-bin, bread-binge, bread-cart, bread-chest, bread-crust, bread-food, bread-hutch (c 1440), bread-knife, bread-pan, bread-paste, bread-pill, bread-rack, bread-rasp, bread-roll, bread-sauce, bread-tax, bread-tray, bread-wagon, bread-weevil;
b. objective or obj. gen., as bread-baker, bread-baking, bread-chipper, bread-chopper, bread-cutter, bread-earner, bread-earning, bread-grate (1587), bread-grater, bread-maker, bread-making, bread-seller, bread-taking, bread-taxing, bread-wanting;
c. parasynthetic, as bread-faced.
1729Byrd Field Jrnl. in Colonial Rec. N. Carolina (1886) II. 795 The woods..tore the very deer skins that guarded the *Bread bags. 1864Daily Tel. 4 Oct., A ‘bread-bag knot’..is the old boatswain's trap to catch a thief at his biscuit-store.
1723Lond. Gaz. No. 6195/5 Henry Browning..*Bread-Baker.
1757W. Thompson R.N. Advoc. 21 Being on a Subject of *Bread baking.
1593Wills & Inv. N.C. II. (1860) 227 Two jackes, one *bread-binge.
1638Penkethman Artach. K b, The *Bread-Carts..comming from Stratford towards London, were met at the Miles end.
1616R. C. Times' Whis. ii. 775 Some *bread-chipper or greasy cooke. 1597Shakes. 2 Hen. IV , ii. iv. 342 Call me Pantler, and Bread-chopper.
1882A. Bain J. S. Mill v. 193 Mill has done more than any single person for the *bread-earners of the sex.
1587Wills & Inv. N.C. II. (1860) 149 Item, ij minsinge knives, and a *breadgrate of tynn.
1624Althorp MS. in Simpkinson Washingtons Introd. 55, 2 frying pannes, 4 peales, and a *bread grater.
c1440Promp. Parv. 48 *Brede-huche, turrundula.
1833Chambers's Jrnl. II. 285/3 With a *bread-knife arrested in his surprised hand. 1861Mrs. Beeton Bk. Househ. Managem. 991 Taking care..that butter-knife and bread-knife are in their places.
1857E. Acton Eng. Bread-bk. ii. iv. 178 A skilful *bread-maker.
Ibid. i. iii. 29 Old methods of ‘panification’, or *bread-making.
Ibid. ii. iv. 154 It is well to warm the *bread-pan or tub, and the flour also.
Ibid. ii. 98 A substance similar to *bread-paste or dough.
1892G. & W. Grossmith Diary of Nobody xiii. 172 Daisy and Lupin..began throwing *bread-pills at each other.
1747H. Glasse Art of Cookery i. 4 Some love *Bread-Sauce in a Bason.
1884Manch. Exam. 4 Dec. 5/3 A decision of great importance to bakers and *breadsellers.
1640R. Carew in Doidge's West. Count. Ann. (1882) 211 None departed..till after the *breade taking.
1863De Morgan in Athenæum 10 Oct. 467 The abolition of the *bread-tax.
1841Gen. P. Thompson Exerc. (1842) VI. 52 Old saws impressed on him by a *bread-taxing clergy.
1695Lond. Gaz. No. 3091/3, 200 of the Enemies Horse..were come..to intercept our *Bread-Wagons. 1710Ibid. No. 4714/2 To halt..for..our Baggage and the Bread-Waggons.
10. Special comb.: bread-artist, a casual term applied to one who prosecutes an art or profession simply to gain a living; bread-barge (Naut.), an oval tub in which bread is placed for mess; † bread-bearer, an officer of the royal household; bread-berry, bread steeped in hot water and seasoned or sweetened, pap (cf. aleberry); bread-board, breadboard, (a) a board on which bread is cut, dough kneaded, etc.; (b) slang, a name given to a board on which an experimental electric circuit, etc., is set out; hence as v. trans., to make a flat model of (such a circuit, etc.); so ˈbreadboarding vbl. n.; † bread-brake, a kneading trough or machine; bread-controller = bread-steward; bread-crust bomb Geol. (see quot. 1909); bread-dust, powdered bread or biscuit; bread-flake (dial. brade-fleigh), a wooden frame or rack upon which oat-cakes are placed to dry and harden; † bread-god, contemptuous term for the consecrated host; bread-jelly (see quot. 1868); † bread-lepe, a bread-basket; bread-line (orig. U.S.), (a) a queue of poor people waiting to receive bread or other food given as charity; also fig.; (b) = subsistence level; bread-meal, (a) meal for household or brown bread (dial.); (b) sometimes used for rock-meal (Ger. berg-mehl); bread-nut, the seed of the Brosimum alicastrum; bread-powder, baking-powder; bread-purveyor = bread-steward; bread-room, a room for keeping bread, esp. Naut. ‘a place parted off below the lower deck, close abaft, for keeping the bread’; also slang. = breadbasket 2; bread-root, the name of one or two plants producing edible tubers or bulbs, spec. a species of Psoralea (P. esculenta), and Camassia esculenta or Quamash; also the root itself; bread-science, -study, a science or study pursued as a means of gaining a livelihood; † bread-skep = bread-lepe; bread-steward (see quot.); bread-stick, a long slender roll of crisp bread; bread-ticket (orig. U.S.), (a) a ticket entitling the possessor to bread; (b) fig. = meal ticket b; bread-trade, the buying and selling of bread; also, a branch of trade pursued as a means of gaining a livelihood; bread-unit, a unit of value in rationing bread; † bread-worship, the worship of the host, artolatry; whence bread-worshipper; † bread-wright, a baker.
1831Carlyle Sart. Res. ii. iv, The *Bread-artist can travel contentedly round and round..and realize much: for himself victual.
1840R. Dana Bef. Mast xxxii. 123 The *bread-barge and beef-kid were overhauled.
1647Haward Crown Rev. 28 *Breadbearer: Fee, {pstlg}1 10s.4d.
1741Compl. Fam.-Piece i. i. 43 Let the Child's Diet be..a thin *Bread-berry. 1864J. Brown Plain Wds. Health 44 Giving the baby..thin bread-berry once a day..so as gradually to wean it.
1857Mrs. Putnam's Receipt Book 3 Mix..the dough; roll it on a *bread-board about an inch thick. 1940Amateur Radio Handbk. (ed. 2) vi. 106/2 The simplest and cheapest style is the baseboard or ‘breadboard’ layout, where the various stages are assembled in a row along a wooden base. 1948Gloss. Computer Terms (U.S. Office of Naval Res. Special Devices Center: M.I.T. Servomechanisms Lab. Rep. R— 138) 4 Breadboard, a roughly constructed experimental model of a circuit. 1952R. F. Jones in W. Sloane Stories for Tomorrow (1955) ii. 75 Breadboard lay-outs were assembled with maximum care. 1953Electronic Engin. XXV. 143 Drift was encountered in the initial ‘breadboard’ model. Ibid. 417 During the late 1920's the supporting panel or ‘breadboard’ for the components tended to become horizontal in the box. 1956R. A. Heinlein Door into Summer (1960) iii. 44, I could bread-board a rig for that. 1959New Scientist 26 Mar. 695/1 Years would be lost by breadboarding, since it required..the redesign of an operating breadboard model into a submarine hull. 1967H. Harrison Technicolor Time Machine (1968) ix. 86 I'm afraid a good deal of the circuitry was breadboarded.
1564Wills & Inv. N.C. (1835) 223 Two cawels and a *breadbrayk iiijs.
1909Cent. Dict. Suppl., *Bread-crust bomb, a somewhat rounded mass of igneous rock, ejected in a volcanic eruption, whose surface presents an appearance similar to that of baked bread, as if the interior had expanded beyond the stretching capacity of the surface crust. 1938Nature 18 June 1106/1 Origin of breadcrust bombs of the peléan type.
1856Kane Arct. Expl. II. xx. 199 Two bags of *bread-dust.
1840S. Bamford Life of Radical I. 234 (Lanc. Gloss.) The large *bread-flake in the kitchen was speedily unthatched. 1866E. Waugh Ben an' th' Bantam i. 11 (Lanc. Gloss.) A brade-fleigh or bread-rack, which was suspended from the ceiling, like a great square harp.
a1555Latimer Serm. & Rem. (1845) 260 Requiring to know if their *bread-god had flesh..as our dear Redeemer had. a1631Donne Serm. lviii. 585 When they had made their Bread-God, they poysoned the Emperour with that Bread.
1853Mrs. Gaskell Cranford xi. 208 Mrs. Forrester made some of the *bread-jelly, for which she was so famous, to have ready as a refreshment. 1868M. Jewry Warne's Model Cookery 661/1 Bread Jelly... Take the crumb of a penny roll; cut it into thin slices, and toast them... Put them into a quart of spring water. Let it simmer over the fire till it has become a jelly. Strain..and flavour..with a little lemon juice and sugar.
c1250Gen. & Ex. 2078 Me drempte ic bar *bread-lepes ðre.
1900Lippincott's Mag. LXV. 3 [Story by A. B. Paine entitled] The *Bread Line. Ibid. 12 That's the bread line. They get a cup of coffee and a loaf of bread every night at twelve o'clock. 1909H. N. Casson Life C. H. McCormick 12 This..republic could not develop beyond the struggle for food. It was chained to the bread-line. 1929Dundee Courier 7 Nov., My life has been spent among people..close to the bread line. 1959New Statesman 28 Feb. 294/3 The average African family in the urban areas lived calamitously below the bread-line.
1863Atkinson Provinc. Danby, *Bread-meal, flour with the coarsest bran taken out..such as..produces ‘brown-bread’.
1756P. Browne Jamaica 372 *Bread-Nut. The fruit boiled with salt fish..has been frequently the support of the negroes. 1866Treas. Bot. I. 171/2 Bread-nut.
1627Capt. Smith Seaman's Gram. ii. 12 The *Bread-roome is commonly vnder the Gun-roome. 1794Ld. Hood in Nicolas Disp. Nelson (1845) I. 483 note, Put all you can get into your bread-room.
1841Penny Cycl. XIX. 94/2 P. esculenta, the *bread-root of North America, is cultivated along the banks of the Missouri.
1860F. Rowan Schleiermacher's Life & Lett. I. 159 He has not studied any so-called *bread-science.
1496Dives & Paup. viii. xvii. 344/2 The ryche man shal gyue answere..of euery cromme of brede in his *bredeskep.
1857E. Acton Eng. Bread-bk. 13 note, Panetier du Roi, *bread-steward, bread-purveyor, or bread-controller, whose office was to regulate the distribution of bread in the royal household, and who had supreme authority over all the bakers of the kingdom.
1909Cent. Dict. Suppl., *Bread-sticks, bread-dough rolled into sticks and baked: served with bouillon, soup, or tea. 1936J. dos Passos Big Money 470 Picking up a breadstick and snapping it into his mouth.
1831Carlyle Sart. Res. ii. iv, Is it not well that there should be what we call Professions or *Bread-studies (Brodzwecke) preappointed us? 1876Geo. Eliot Dan. Der. iii. xxiii. 194 If you resolve to take art as a bread-study.
1855Chicago Times 21 Mar. 3/1 Entering a bake-shop and stealing therefrom *bread tickets to the value of $16. 1956I. Bromige Enchanted Garden iii. iv. 164, I wanted so much more...Not just a bread ticket. I wouldn't care how poor we were.
1858J. Martineau Stud. Chr. 326 These pursuits..sink into mere *bread-trades.
1946Lancet 6 July 29/2 The ration will be measured in *bread units. A 1 lb. 12 oz. loaf will cost 4 bread units, 1 lb. of flour 3 bread units, and 1 lb. of flour confectionery 2 bread units.
1641Sanderson Serm. II. 8 A shrewd appearance of their idolatrous *bread-worship.
1574Life 70th Abp. Canterb. To Rdr., Superstitious Archsacrificers, and principall *breadworshippers.
c1250Gen. & Ex. 2077 Quað ðis *bred-wriȝte, liðeð nu me.
▪ II. bread, v.|brɛd|
[f. bread n.1]
trans. a. Cookery. To dress with bread-crumbs. b. To clean by rubbing with bread. c. To provide with daily bread.
1629Parkinson Parad. ii. iii. 476 Some doe use the pouder of the herbe dryed..to mixe with grated bread, to breade their meate. 1727Bradley Fam. Dict. I. s.v. Fish pottage, Flowering and breading them after they have been dip'd in beaten Eggs. 1797E. Chambers Let. 29 Nov. in Papers of J. Steele (1924) I. 152 What [corn] I have..will Scarcely Bread the Negroes. 1825Fr. Dom. Cookery Gloss. 376 Cutlets, fish, etc. are usually breaded thus. 1879Tourgee Fool's Err. xviii. 91 They had enough to bread themselves. 1884F. J. Britten Watch & Clockm. 108 Instead of rubbing with pith the work may be carefully breaded.
▪ III. bread(e
var. of brede. |