| 释义 |
▪ I. scan, n.|skæn|
[f. scan v.]
1. a. The action of scanning; close investigation or scrutiny; perception, discernment; a scanning look.
1706Col. Rec. Pennsylv. II. 266 May bear the scan of our superiors. 1775Washington 28 Nov. in Sparks Writings (1834) III. 178 (Funk) What will be the end of these manœuvres is beyond my scan. 1827Hare Guesses (1859) 215 The princes and lords of thought shoot forth their winged words into regions beyond the scan of the people. 1828Coleridge Gard. Boccaccio 33 All spirits..that..lent a lustre to the earnest scan Of manhood, musing what and whence is man. 1903Blackw. Mag. Apr. 480/1 A curious watchfulness pervades every man—a quick scan of every rock and bush on walking abroad. 1970O. Dopping Computers & Data Processing xvii. 277 If the computer were to continue the forward scanning, four scans would be needed. 1973W. McCarthy Detail ii. 90 The air marshals scanned their bodies with their eyes. Ben passed through. I guess this scan works, he thought.
b. The action or practice of scanning with a beam, aerial, or detector. Cf. scan v. 6 f.
1937Discovery Nov. 330/1 This..scheme is modified by leaving out alternate lines during alternate scans, a technique which improves the definition and reduces flicker. 1955Sci. Amer. June 41/1 When Hey published his discovery after the war, radio astronomers began an intensive radio scan of the Sun. 1958Times 2 May 7/2 One of these provided the long-range warning, while the others made a coordinated scan of various sections of the target area as the structure rotated. 1966M. Woodhouse Tree Frog xxi. 155 Say that echo's your drone up there... Then you get your vertical scan radar for altitude. 1972Sci. Amer. Jan. 57/1 The rate of scan that produces a micrograph is often much lower than the scanning rate in television.
2. A single line or sweep produced by or in a scanning action (cf. scanning vbl. n. 2 b); also, an entire raster.
1934J. H. Reyner Television ix. 103 The separation between the centres of the lenses was equal to the width of the picture scan. 1945Electronic Engin. XVII. 689 The scan to fly-back ratio is constant for all time base velocities. 1952Jrnl. Lab. Clin. Med. XXXIX. 153 The counter is moved alternately back and forth, with an 1/8 inch vertical displacement for each sweep or scan over the area occupied by the thyroid gland. 1966Electronics 17 Oct. 114 The large spike at the beginning of each scan is a turnaround transient. 1967[see field n. 16 d]. 1975D. G. Fink Electronics Engineers' Handbk. xx. 7 The half line, left over at the end of the field scan, displaces the next field downwards by a full line, and interlacing is achieved.
3. An image, diagram, etc., obtained by scanning; spec. in Med. = scintiscan.
1953Nucleonics Nov. 45/1 Fig. 13 presents the coincidence scan and unbalance scan of a patient who showed a regrowth of tumor beneath an area of previous resection. 1956Jrnl. Neurosurg. XIII. 347 (heading) This scan is in the posterior-anterior orientation of the head. 1969M. Crichton Andromeda Strain i. 22 We'll want a flyby over that town... And a complete scan. 1971Guardian 6 Feb. 1/7 There were, as the first scan of the [lunar] landscape showed, a few very large boulders. 1976Woman's Day (U.S.) Nov. 164/2, I might ask for bone, liver and brain scans to make sure there had not been any metastasis to other parts of my body. 1978Nature 14 Dec. 733/2 (caption) Absorbance scans of..SDS-polyacrylamide gels.
4. Special Comb.: scan-column index, a tabular representation of coded information concerning or contained in a set of documents, for use in information retrieval.
1962J. O'Connor in Amer. Documentation XIII. 205/1 Place the document number in the left-hand column. Then, for each indexing term assigned to that document, look up the column and character abbreviation for the term, and in that column enter that character. I call an index of this form a Scan Column index. 1965M. E. Stevens Automatic Indexing vi. 118 Tabledex, the Scan-column Index, and similar tools provide to some extent a display of prior associations between index terms. 1971A. Gilchrist Thesaurus in Retrieval 140 The scan-column index. This is another book-form coordinate information retrieval system..in which all the item numbers are listed numerically in the first column, the other columns containing descriptors, allotted to those items. A separate table indicates which column would be searched for a particular descriptor. To facilitate searching, descriptors have been reduced to symbols.
▪ II. scan, v.|skæn|
Also α. 4–7 scanne, 6–7 scann, skan(ne. β. 5–8 scand.
[ad. L. scandĕre, lit. to climb, in late L. to ‘scan’ verses. Cf. F. scander (perh. the source, but in Fr. dicts. first cited from the 16th c.), Sp. escandir, It. scandere (also to climb), G. skandiren, Du. skandeeren.
The Latin word is cogn. w. Sk. skand to leap and Gr. σκάνδαλον stumbling-block, scandal; derivatives in Eng. are scansion, scansory etc., scale n.3; also, from L. compounds, the vbs. ascend, descend, transcend.]
1. a. trans. To analyse (verse) by determining the nature and number of the component feet or the number and prosodic value of the syllables; to indicate the structure or test the correctness of (a verse) by reciting it with metrical emphasis and pauses, or by counting on the fingers the feet as they occur in recitation. Also occas. to describe prosodically (a word or sequence of words); to find (a particular kind of foot) in a given portion of a verse.
α1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. lxxxv. (Bodl. MS.), & who kanne scanne [in 1495 printed scand] a verse may knowe þt þe myddel silable stondeþ for a schorte silable in þe secunde verse. c1440Promp. Parv. 442/2 Scanne verse (P. scannyn versis), scando. 1567Drant Horace, Ep. B ij, Those verses..Whiche longe deliberation..hath not..on the fingers scande. a1613Overbury A wife, etc. (1638) 93 He treads in a rule, and one hand scannes verses, and the other holds his scepter. 1638H. Rainsford in G. Sandys' Div. Poems To Author, Thy Lines I weigh not by th'Originall; Nor skan thy Words how evenly they fall. 1706W. Walsh Let. to Pope 9 Sept., P.'s Wks. (1736) V. 51 They scan their verses upon their fingers. 1874Symonds in Fortn. Rev. Dec. 769 But a trochee in the fourth place! (for so he [Johnson] scanned the lines), O Milton and Cowley! shame upon your ears! Ibid. 770 Critics like Todd think nothing of scanning an anapæst in the place of one of Johnson's feet. 1900Skeat Chaucer Canon §15 It is impossible to scan the Ormulum until one has learnt the grammar.
transf.1791–2Wordsw. Descr. Sk. 147 There an old man an olden measure scanned On a rude viol.
β1495[see quot. 1398 in α]. 1642–53Leighton Comm. 1 Pet. ii. 12 (1693) 366 The word is My Observers, or those that scand my wayes every foot of them, that examine them as a Verse,..if there be but a wrong measure in them, they will.. mark it. 1729Mandeville Fab. Bees II. 416 The manner of scanding and chanting those Verses.
b. absol.
1642Milton Apol. Smect. Wks. 1851 III. 292 An eare that could measure a just cadence, and scan without articulating. 1735Pope To Arbuthnot 165 Each Wight, who reads not, but who scans and spells. a1740J. Warton Sappho's Advice 30 A pen I handled for a fan, And learnt not how to dance but scan.
c. intr. (for pass.). To admit of being scanned, to be found metrically correct.
1857Hughes Tom Brown ii. iii, Martin..proceeded..to convert these..into Latin that would scan. 1865F. A. Paley tr. æschylus 184 note, The lines will neither scan nor construe like ordinary verses.
†2.
a. trans. To criticize; to test or estimate the correctness or value of; to judge by a certain rule or standard. Sometimes with allusion to sense 1.
c1540tr. Pol. Verg. i. (Camden) 95 Constantinus..did banishe Arrius,..bie cause hee went abowte to skanne the Christian relligion with mischevus lies and glosinges [quod Christiana dogmata nefariis commentis metiri est impie conatus]. 1584Cogan Haven Health ccxviii. (1636) 252 If a man would exactly scanne the temperature of beere. 1607Hieron Wks. I. 179 The loue of fathers toward their children,..of egles to their young ones, of hens to their chickens, all these haue beene but shadowes to it, but no sufficient measures by which to skanne it [sc. God's mercy]. 1618Naunton in Fortescue Papers (Camden) 64 For to write I had neither leysure, nor lyst to have my lines scanned by any equivocating preists. 1672Dryden Conq. Granada ii. i, The Rule of Happiness by Reason scan. 1732Pope Ess. Man ii. 1 Know then thy self, presume not God to scan. 1754Sherlock Disc. (1759) I. i. 64 We attempt to scan the divine Justice by our narrow conceptions of it. 1764Goldsm. Trav. 333, I see the lords of human kind pass by... True to imagin'd right, above control, While e'en the peasant boasts these rights to scan, And learns to venerate himself as man. 1817Jas. Mill Brit. Ind. II. v. iv. 428 The feeble discernment which has generally scanned the proceedings of the East India Company.
β1585J. Norden Sinfull Man's Solace 161 b, If thou, oh sillie booke, doe chaunce To light into the hand Of any such as takes delight Ech others worke to scand.
†b. intr. To pass judgement on, upon; to form an opinion of. Often in indirect passive. Obs.
1582A. Munday Eng. Romayne Lyfe i. 10 But when the Pope had scanned on this hasty business..they were denyed their request. 1583Golding Calvin on Deut. v. 26/1 By these wordes he betokeneth, that wee must rest wholely vppon that which God saith, and not stande scanning after our owne fancies. Ibid. xiii. 76/1 When men will needes scanne of Gods workes and prouidence according to their owne reason: they shall finde thinges to grudge at. 1587Turberv. Trag. Tales 42, I leaue for you to scan, Both of the maydens rich attyre, and iewels of the man. 1589Puttenham Eng. Poesie (Arb.) 132, I intend not to proceed any further in this curiositie..nor..to haue it put in execution in our vulgar Poesie, but to be pleasantly scanned vpon. 1602Rowlands Tis Merrie, etc. 23 And when they meete, they do discourse and scan About whose choyce hath got the kindest man. 1610Healey St. Aug. Citie of God iii. xvii. 132 If this hadde hapened in our times, Lord how it would haue beene scanned vppon.
3. a. trans. To examine, consider, or discuss minutely. † to scan out: to discover by examination.
1550Crowley Inform. & Petit. 706 Scan the wordes of the Psalmist concernyng this mattier. 1586Let. to Earl Leicester 16 But you Lawyers are so nice in sifting and skanning euery woorde and letter. 1596Babington Notes upon Genesis xi. 82 The time of this tower built, and speech confounded, may be asked{ddd}I stand not vpon coniectures to scan it out. 1604Shakes. Oth. iii. iii. 245 My Lord, I would I might intreat your Honor To scan this thing no farther. 1674Essex Papers (Camden) I. 166 Whoever scanns y⊇ words of y⊇ Adress cannot..putt any other construction upon them then such as we have done. 1770Goldsm. Des. Vill. 161 Careless their merits or their faults to scan, His pity gave ere charity began. 1828J. W. Croker in C. Papers 11 July (1884), It is wonderful with what facility and accuracy he scanned all those facts. 1871Darwin Desc. Man II. xxi. 402 Man scans with scrupulous care, the character and pedigree of his horses..before he matches them. 1886Bowen in Law Rep. 31 Chanc. Div. 379 We ought not, I think, to scan the pleadings too narrowly upon a question of the right to discovery.
βa1635Randolph Poems (1638) 11 The smooth Viper every member [of sleeping Lycoris] scands.
†b. With clause as obj. Obs.
1558T. Phaer æneid iii. F iv b, And what those walls shuld be we skanne, & councel great we take. 1594Carew Huarte's Exam. Wits v. 55 There riseth a like difficultie, in skanning whence it commeth that nature made two eyes, and two eares. 1621T. Williamson tr. Goulart's Wise Vieillard 189 It belongs to some god, to scan and to see which of all these opinions is true.
†4. To interpret, assign a meaning to. Obs.
1562Heywood Prov. O iij, This woord enough twoo waies we may skan. Thone much enough, thother littell enough. 1602Shakes. Ham. iii. iii. 75 And now Ile doo't, and so he goes to Heauen, And so am I reueng'd: that would be scann'd, A Villaine killes my Father, and for that I..do this same Villaine send To heauen. 1608Willet Hexapla Exod. 463 But concerning the limiting of the space of sixe yeares for seruice,..what might bee the reason thereof, thus it is diuersly scanned. 1. Some do thus moralize it [etc.]. 1611Heywood Gold. Age v. i, The Fates..Haue summon'd Saturnes three sonnes to the Tower, To them the three Dominions to assure Of Heauen, of Sea, of Hell. How these are scand, Let none decide but such as vnderstand. 1641Milton Reform. i. 4 Hence men came to scan the Scriptures by the Letter.
5. To perceive, discern. Now rare.
1558T. Phaer æneid ii. F j b, Whan sodenly the sound Of feete we heare to tread, and men full thicke my father skand. 1605Hist. Capt. Stukeley C 4, My meaning had you beene but heere euen now, you might haue scand without my vtterance. 1768Beattie Minstrel i. l, One part, one little part, we dimly scan Through the dark medium of life's feverish dream. 1792Cowper Stanza for 1792 ii, Man..not wise enough to scan His best concerns aright, Would gladly stretch life's little span To ages, if he might. 1808Scott Marm. iii. xii, His thoughts I scan not; but I ween, That [etc.]. 1868Tennyson Lucretius 192 A satyr..draws Nearer and nearer, and I scan him now Beastlier than any phantom of his kind.
6. a. To look at searchingly, examine with the eyes.
1798S. Lee Canterb. T., Young Lady's T. ii. 251 His wild..eyes now scanned heaven impatiently. 1810Scott Lady of L. ii. xxi, While Roderick scann'd, For her dear form, his mother's band. 1840Dickens Barn. Rudge ii, ‘Humph’, he said, when he had scanned his features, ‘I don't know you’. 1853Kingsley Hypatia x, She..sat scanning him intently from head to foot. 1861J. H. Bennet Shores of Medit. ii. xii. (1875) 412 The lost dog will scan the features of those who pass him in the street. 1893F. C. Selous Trav. S.E. Africa 375, I climbed to the top of the hill in order to scan the country on ahead.
b. To search (literature, a text, a list, etc.) quickly or systematically for particular information or features.
1926Rec. Geol. Surv. India LIX. 202 On scanning this table it will be observed that the pyrope molecule is present in quantity..only in one garnet. 1950Amer. Documentation I. 81 The rapid selector employs an optical-electronic system for scanning a reel of motion picture film on which are entered both abstracts and corresponding index entries. 1966Computers & Humanities I. 12 Some [articles] are so superficial that the reader for whom the volume is designed would do better to scan the most recent ACLS list of computerized research projects in the humanities. 1967C. Berners-Lee in Wills & Yearsley Handbk. Management Technol. 7 Some computer manufacturers supply..suites of statistical programs for scanning files to accumulate the required statistics and then to analyse them in one of a number of ways. 1967Times Rev. Industry July 89/2 Without guide lines as to where the company wants to go, scanning environmental information becomes directionless. 1970O. Dopping Computers & Data Processing xvii. 277 The computer first scans the table from the beginning to the end comparing the first record with the second, the second with the third, etc. 1972Computers & Humanities VII. 19 Dilligan examines the extent to which linguistic orientation toward prosody serves as the basis for computer programs to scan large bodies of English verse. 1973Nature 31 Aug. p. xiii/1 (Advt.), He or she will be required to scan incoming literature, undertake literature searches.
c. To cause (an area, object, or image) to be systematically traversed by a beam or detector; to convert (an image) into a linear sequence of signals in this way for purposes of transmission or processing; spec. in Med., to make a scan of (the body or part of it); to examine (a patient, etc.) with a scanner.
1928Television Nov. 9/1 One feature which is wrongly quoted by critics relates to how a scene is scanned. 1933Proc. Wireless Section Inst. Electr. Engineers VIII. 219/2 Nipkow in 1884 proposed..to transmit the picture point by point, or to scan the picture. 1953Amos & Birkinshaw Television Engin. I. iv. 52 The electron beam is made to scan the target in a series of nearly horizontal lines. 1953Amer. Jrnl. Roentgenol. LXX. 605/1 These instruments have been used to scan the thyroid gland of human patients in vivo. Ibid., It becomes practical to scan a patient from head to toe in a routine manner. 1954Nucleonics Jan. 60/1 By placing tracing paper and carbon paper between the stylus and the drawing table, the distribution of radioactivity in an area being scanned is recorded. 1962A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio iv. 81 A replay head scans a slightly greater length of tape than would be suggested by the size of the gap. 1966Sci. News 3 Sept. 166 An improved way of scanning the brain for tumors has been reported by two California scientists. 1967Nursing Times 18 Aug. 1093/1 Not so well known is the use of radio-isotopes in radiography, to enable various organs of the body to be ‘scanned’ to investigate function, or the presence of tumours. 1968Brit. Med. Bull. XXIV. 191/2 Radiographs..and so on..can also be digitally structured for insertion in a computer... They are scanned line by line (television-wise) by a ‘flying-spot scanner’, and passed through an analogue-to-digital converter which..encodes the contrast level of each point, as a row of holes. 1969Times 15 Mar. 7/8 The photographs are scanned point by point by a photoelectric device. 1975D. G. Fink Electronics Engineers' Handbk. xx. 79 Hard-copy facsimile systems generate a signal by systematically scanning the subject copy and producing a current corresponding to its light-intensity variations. 1986Acta Obstetr. & Gynecol. Scand. LXV. 147/1 One hundred and fifteen women were considered to be at risk of cervical incompetence... They were scanned serially from the first trimester to 32 weeks of gestation.
d. intr. To carry out scanning. Const. various preps.
1934J. H. Reyner Television viii. 95 By causing the spot on the cathode ray screen to scan over a suitable area the image of the spot traverses the whole of the film. 1948‘N. Shute’ No Highway v. 147 What interested me most, however, as in every technical paper that one scans through quickly, was the paragraph headed ‘Conclusions’. 1953A. T. Starr Radio & Radar Technique i. 46 For the purpose of homing on a ship or aircraft, it is sufficient to scan through a relatively small angle in azimuth, say {pm}30°. 1961G. Millerson Technique Television Production ii. 20 A gun in the picture-tube..produces such a stream of electrons, and this is made to scan over the powdered screen in a regular series of sweeps. 1965‘J. le Carré’ Looking-Glass War xviii. 204 He may start with the wrong crystal... It's safest for base to scan with so many crystals. 1975Physics Bull. July 327/1 As the beam repeatedly scans across the faceplate, charge is accumulated. 1979Sci. Amer. Mar. 82/1 Given a source of light that is monochromatic but tunable, an absorption spectrum can be measured by passing the light through a sample of the gas and scanning continuously through the frequencies surrounding a line in the spectrum.
e. trans. To traverse or light upon (a constituent element) as part of the scanning of the larger whole.
1937A. M. Turing in Proc. London Math. Soc. XLII. 233 The machine moves so that it scans the square immediately to the right of the one it was scanning previously. 1937Discovery Nov. 329/1 When the dots are being scanned, the transmitted signal depends on the relative brightness of the dots in turn. 1961G. Millerson Technique Television Production ii. 19 As each element is scanned and gives up its information, it becomes ‘wiped clean’.
f. To cause (a beam, etc.) systematically to traverse an area; to cause (an aerial) to rotate or oscillate to this end.
1960E. V. Truefitt in R. F. Hansford Radio Aids to Civil Aviation v. 328 The nodding heightfinder is so called because the aerial performs a nodding motion which scans the radar beam in elevation. 1972Sci. Amer. Nov. 40/3 The beam is positioned and focused by scanning the beam over the sample surface and detecting the change in the emission of secondary and reflected electrons as the beam passes over surface detail. 1973Meyer & Mayer Radar Target Detection i. 15/1 If the antenna is scanned sufficiently slowly, more than one pulse may be transmitted and received while the antenna beam sweeps across a given reflecting point. 1976Physics Bull. Oct. 437/1 The proton beam was scanned right across the annulus and hole. 1977Sci. Amer. Sept. 123/3 A much smaller area..is exposed, and the exposure is repeated by either stepping or scanning the image over the wafer.
†7. To climb. Obs. rare—1. [A latinism.]
1596Spenser F.Q. vii. vi. 8 Whose silver gates..she entred,..Ne staide till she the highest stage had scand.
Hence scanned ppl. a.
1567Drant Horace, Ep. ii. ii. H iiij, As thou in lawfull scanned vearse canste well descryue a thinge. 1598Marston Pygmal. iv. 154 When once they can in true skan'd verses frame A braue Encomium of good Vertues name. 1937Proc. London Math. Soc. XLII. 231 We may call this square the ‘scanned square’. 1953Amos & Birkinshaw Television Engin. I. iv. 52 To avoid keystone effect and obtain a true rectangular scanned area, the line saw-tooth current is modulated by the field saw-tooth current so that the angular sweep in the horizontal plane is decreased as the beam moves up the mosaic. 1975D. G. Fink Electronics Engineers' Handbk. xx. 8 Color television standards use the back porch to position the color burst, an eight-cycle burst of color subcarrier..that synchronizes the color-subcarrier oscillator at the end of each scanned line. |