| 释义 |
▪ I. † scald, n.1 Obs.
Also 6 skald.
[Alteration of scall n. by association with scald a. (orig. scalled).]
= scall n.
1561Hollybush Hom. Apoth. 2 The drye skaldes of it called in Latin furfur. 1590Spenser F.Q. i. viii. 47 Her crafty head was altogether bald, And..Was overgrowne with scurfe and filthy scald. 1648Herrick Hesper., Upon Blanch, Blanch swears her Husband's lovely; when a scald Has blear'd his eyes. 1693Lond. Gaz. No. 2930/4 Lately went from his Master one Martin Middleton... He hath a Scald behind in his Head.
fig.1646H. Lawrence Comm. Angels 104 The fire, the scald, the Itch of lusts.
▪ II. scald, n.2|skɔːld|
[f. scald v.]
1. An injury to the skin and flesh caused by hot fluid or steam.
1601Holland Pliny xxix. xiii. II. 351 Say the place be blistered..with any burne or scald. 1749Bracken Farriery Impr. (ed. 6) 301, I am satisfied that Spirit of Wine camphorated, is the very best Thing that can be applied to a Burn or Scald in Human Bodies. 1845W. Bowman in Encycl. Metrop. VII. 865/2 A superficial scald of the whole body. 1879St. George's Hosp. Rep. IX. 394 ‘Scald’ of the air-passages. 1890Bowlby Surg. Path. (1900) 289 Scalds of the larynx..in children..commonly result from attempts to drink from a kettleful of boiling water.
b. fig. (Sc.) Disgust, aversion, vexation. See heart-scald, -scad.
c. transf. Inflammation caused by heat; an inflamed part. Also, applied to diseases which produce a similar effect to that of scalding.
1882Jamieson's Sc. Dict., Skaud, Scad, a scald, or the mark of it; also, a galled or inflamed part of the body. 1886C. Scott Sheep-farming 99 If manure is allowed to accumulate therein, it will get into the cleft of the foot and produce scald. 1895Funk's Stand. Dict., Scald, a destructive disease of cranberries,..applied also loosely..to any sudden wilting or decay..of leaves and fruit.
2. The action or an act of scalding articles of food, utensils, etc.
1661Rabisha Cookery Dissected 5 You must give your Endive a scald. 1764E. Moxon Eng. Housew. (ed. 9) 160 Put in your damsins, let them have one scald. 1869Mrs. Whitney We Girls vi, The coffee-pot and the two pans..had their scald, and their little scour. 1894Times 16 Apr. 7/3 The high scald to which the curd is subjected after breaking.
3. A hot liquor or solution used for scalding.
1684H. Woolley Queen-like Closet Suppl. 4 After the first ladder [= lather] let the other be very hot, and cast them into a Scald every time. 1741Compl. Fam.-Piece i. ii. 110 Put your Fruit into boiling Water,..keep it in a scald till tender. 1780A. Young Tour Irel. I. 180 Next put it into a scald of soap.
4. A patch of land scorched by the sun. local.
1795Marshall Rur. Econ. Norf. I. 14 ‘Scalds’ are as pernicious in Norfolk, as quicksands and springy patches are in cold-soiled countries. 1853R. S. Surtees Sponge's Sp. Tour lxxi, The country..was all one dingy drab, with abundant scalds on the undrained fallows.
5. Dodder, Cuscuta europæa: cf. scaldweed. local.
1844Phytologist I. 1140 Cuscuta europæa..is called ‘scald’ [in Cambridgeshire]; it may be presumed, on account of the scalded appearance which it gives to bean-crops.
▪ III. scald, n.3
see skald.
▪ IV. scald, n.4
northern form of scold.
▪ V. scald, a.1 and n.5 Obs. exc. arch. and dial.|skɔːld|
Also 6 scaulde, Sc. skawd, skaid, 6–7 scalde, 7 scal'd, scauld, 8 Sc. scaw'd, 9 dial. scalt, scaud.
[Later spelling of scalled.]
A. adj.
1. Affected with the ‘scall’; scabby.
In the 16th c. often in proverbial or allusive use: cf. scabbed. (See also scald-head.)
1529More Dyaloge ii. iv. Wks. 185 Than shall al these scalde & scabbed peces scale clene of, & the hole body of christes holy church remaine pure. 1535Coverdale Lev. xxi. 20 Whether he be blynde,.. or is gleyd, or is skyrvye or scaulde. 1535Lyndesay Satyre 2485 Howbeit I se thy skap skyre skaid [Bannatyne MS. skawd], Thou art ane stewat, I stand foird. 1540Palsgr. Acolastus ii. iii. M ij b, He shall appoint him out for such a scald squier as he is. 1546J. Heywood Prov. & Epigr. (1867) 33 A scald horse is good inough for a scabde squyer. 1579Tomson Calvin's Serm. Tim. 474/2 Some murmure and snarle as soone as their scald backs are rubbed. 1639O. Wood Alph. Bk. Secrets 181 Scal'd head the cure. [1808Jamieson, Scaud-man's head, the sea urchin.]
2. fig. ‘Scurvy’, mean, paltry, contemptible. (Cf. scabbed a. 2.)
a. Of persons.
c1500H. Medwall Nature i. 753 (Brandl) The scald capper sware..That yt cost hym euen as myche. 1595Peele Old Wives Tale 425 (Gummere) You whorson, scald Sexton and Churchwarden. 1606Shakes. Ant. & Cl. v. ii. 215. a 1625 Fletcher Bloody Brother i. i, Your gravity once laid My head and heels together in the Dungeon, For cracking a scald Officers crown.
⁋scald miserable: a burlesque designation app. first used in 1742 in connexion with a procession of ragamuffins intended to ridicule the Freemasons. A print of 1771 representing this brought the expression into temporary currency with the sense ‘despicable wretch’.
1742(title) An Epistle from Dick Poney, Esq. Grand-Master of the Right Black-Guard Society of Scald-Miserable Masons. 1771(title of plate by Benoist) A Geometrical View of the Grand Procession of the Scald Miserable Masons, Design'd as they were Drawn up over against Somerset House, in the Strand on the twenty Seventy of April, Ano. 1742. 1772Nugent Hist. Fr. Gerund iii. vi. 563 Our poor scald miserable of a Friar Gerund. 1773J. Berridge Lett. vii. (1864) 371, I am now, as the world accounts, a scold miserable. [1828H. Angelo Remin. I. 407 The print of the Scald Miserables..is by him [sc. Benoist]. Ibid. 408 The contrivers of the mock procession of scald masons, which actually took place in the year 1742. ]
b. Of things.
1542Udall Erasm. Apoph. 260 If it chaunce a scalde cuppe of thyn to bee broken. 1592Nashe P. Penilesse Ep. Printer, A scald triuiall lying Pamphlet, called Greens groats-worth of wit. 1609B. Jonson Sil. Wom. iv. i, If [she have] a fat hand, and scald nailes, let her carue the lesse, and act in gloues. a1627Middleton Widow iv. ii. Wks. (Bullen) V. 207 I'm rid of a sore burden, for my part, master, Of a scald little one. a1774Fergusson Poems (1807) 255 A scaw'd bit o' a penny note.
3. Comb., as scald-pate = scald-head; scald-pated a. = scald-headed.
1611Cotgr., Teigneux, scuruie, scauld-pated. Ibid. s.v. Teigneux, No scauld-pate will the combe indure. 1653Urquhart Rabelais ii. xxx, Achilles was a scauld-pated maker of hay bundles. 1659Torriano Eng.-Ital. Dict., The scurfe or scauld pate, tigna, pelarella.
B. n.
a. A scurvy fellow.
b. = scall.
1575Gamm. Gurton iii. iii. 26 Thou skald, thou bald, thou rotten, thou glotton! 1598Florio, Tegna, the scurfe or scald that comes to some mens heades. 1909G. B. Shaw Press Cuttings 37 G'lang, you young scald: if I had you here I'd teach you manners. 1919― O'Flaherty V.C. 179 What do you mean, you lying young scald, by telling me you were going to fight agen the English?
▪ VI. scald, a.2|skɔːld|
[pa. pple. of scald v.]
= scalded ppl. a.1
scald cream: clotted or clouted cream. scald milk: milk from which the cream has been skimmed after scalding.
1791Gentl. Mag. LXI. ii. 720/2 That cream termed scald, or clotted cream. Ibid. Those dairies that make scald⁓cream butter. 1796Marshall Rur. Econ. W. Eng. I. 251 In ‘scald cream dairies’, no churn is in use. 1855Kingsley Westw. Ho! viii, If it don't ate so soft as ever was scald cream, never you call me Thomas Burman. 1886All Year Round 14 Aug. 34 Who in Cornwall ever thinks of drinking anything but ‘scald’ milk?
▪ VII. scald, v.|skɔːld|
Forms: 3–4 schalde, 4 scalde, scolde, 4–5 skalde, 4–6 schald, 5–6 skald, scalde, 6 scaulde, Sc. scawde, skaude, (7 scal'd, scold), 8–9 Sc. scad, scaud, 5– scald. pa. tense 5 skaldid, 6 Sc. scaldit, 4– scalded; 6–7 scalt. pa. pple. 4 i-scalded (-sk-), skald, 5 skladdyt, 4–6 skaldyd, -id, (etc.), 5–7, 9 dial. scalt, 6 Sc. sc-, skaldit, 9 dial. scald.
[a. ONF. escalder, escauder = Central OF. eschalder, eschauder to burn, scald (mod.F. échauder to scald, earlier also to scorch), = Pr. escaudar, Sp., Pg. escaldar to burn, scald, make red-hot, It. scaldare to heat, warm:—late L. excaldāre to wash in hot water, f. ex- (see ex- prefix1 2. 2) + cal(i)dus hot, warm (see calid and chaud).
The specific use referring to liquid agency, which is the prominent use in Fr. (and hence in Eng.), and is more or less represented in the other Rom. langs., is prob. to be accounted for by the fact that excaldāre could as well be referred to the cal(i)da n., hot water, as to the adj. In Eng. this is the earliest sense of the word, which is first recorded in the Ancren Riwle (a 1225) both in its simple form (see quot. s.v. scalding ppl. a.) and in the compound forsch(e)alde (see for- prefix1 5).
The word entered at an early date into the Scandinavian languages: early MDa. skolde, MSw. skalda, skolda, skolla, Sw. skålla to scald.]
I. ‘To burn with hot liquor’ (J.).
1. trans. To affect painfully and injure with very hot liquid or steam.
1340Ayenb. 66 Hare mouþ is ase þe wyȝte þet ualþ ine hot weter þet..scoldeþ alle þo þet byeþ þer aboute. c1386Chaucer Knt.'s T. 1162 The Cook yscalded for al his longe ladel. c1440Promp. Parv. 442/2 Scalt, estuatus. 1601Holland Pliny II. 351 If one be scalded with hot water, lay..an egg to the place. 1687A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 33 They all drink it sipping, for fear of scalding them⁓selves. 1786Abercrombie Gard. Assist. 302 For fear of..steam scalding the plants. 1813J. Thomson Lect. Inflam. 605 Let a piece of linen dipt in brandy..be immediately applied to the parts scalded with hot water. 1822Scott Nigel xxvii, Scalding yourself, as I may say, with your own ladle? 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. iii. I. 285 Huge stones and boiling water were in readiness to crush and scald the plunderer.
b. absol. or intr. To be scalding hot.
a1225[see scalding ppl. a. 1]. a1639W. Whately Prototypes i. xx. (1640) 20 Words of reviling scald as it were. 1642Fuller Holy & Prof. St. ii. xix. 127 Some excuse there is for bloud enraged, and no wonder if that scaldeth which boyleth. 1812Sir H. Davy Chem. Philos. 80 Water scalds at 150°.
c. intr. for pass. To become injured by hot liquid or steam.
1590Marlowe 2nd Pt. Tamburl. ii. iii, Now scalds his soul in the Tartarian streams. 1847Tennyson Princess v. 448 Those detestable That let the bantling scald at home, and brawl Their rights or wrongs like potherbs in the street.
d. Comb.: scald-chops (humorous), hot tea; scald-lips (Sc. scadlips), ‘broth containing a very small portion of barley, and on this account more apt to burn the mouth’ (Jam.).
a1682F. Sempill Blythsome Wedding 65 in Poems of Sempills (1849) 69 There will be..a haggize, And scadlips to sup till ye're fow. 1830Marryat King's Own xl, It was the signal for tea. ‘Hurra for Scaldchops!’
2. trans. To produce an injurious effect upon (something) similar to that produced by boiling water.
a. Of tears, humours.
a1225[see scalding ppl. a. 2]. 1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 6576 Hate teres of gretyng, Þat þe synful sal scalden in þe dounfallyng. 1605Shakes. Lear iv. vii. 48, I am bound Vpon a wheele of fire, that mine owne teares Do scal'd, like molten Lead. 1696Lond. Gaz. No. 3240/4 The left side of his face burnt or scalded by some Humor. 1722Douglas in Phil. Trans. XXXII. 86 When the Urine begins to come the right way, it pains and scalds them much after the same manner. 1873Bryant Living Lost ii, The tears that scald the cheek.
absol.1692Dryden Cleomenes i. i, And if a manly drop or Two fall down, It scalds along my Cheeks. 1835Trench Justin Martyr 16 The tear which does not heal, will scald and sear.
b. fig. Of words, language.
1513Douglas æneis i. Prol. 258 The quent and curious castis poeticall,..Caxtoun, for dreid thai suld his lippis scawde Durst neuer tuiche. 1847J. Martineau Chr. Life II. x. 170 He..grows glib in uttering falsehoods that should scald his lips.
3. To wash and cleanse with boiling water:
a. the carcasses of animals, esp. swine and poultry, in order to remove hair or feathers, etc.
a1300Cursor M. 15988 Ne sal he neuer vp-rise eft,..Ar sal þis cok vp-rise was skald yisternight! c1420Liber Cocorum (1862) 26 Take capons and schalde and pyke hom then. c1430Two Cookery-bks. 25 Fayre smal Chykenys wyl & clene skladdyd & drawe. 1565Cooper Thesaurus, Glabrare sues, to scaulde hogges and take of their heare. 1607Shakes. Timon ii. ii. 71 She's e'ne setting on water to scal'd such Chickens as you are. 1747H. Glasse Cookery ii. 32 Gut and scald your Pig. Ibid. viii. 72.
b. vessels, implements, clothes. (Also with out.)
1747H. Glasse Cookery xiii. 130 Scald the Pot clean. 1750W. Ellis Country Housewife's Comp. 308 To heat a good Quantity of Water..for scalding Pails. 1869Routledge's Ev. Boy's Ann. 459 Preparing to scald out the frying-pan. 1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. III. 339 All milk should be..boiled, and the bottle always scalded before use.
c. To take off (the hair or feathers of an animal) with hot water.
1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) I. 259 He gadereth water and heteþ it..þroweþ it vppon hunteres and houndes..and scaldeþ of þe heere of hem. 1481Caxton Reynard xlii. (Arb.) 113 The heer behynde was skalded of. 1617Moryson Itin. i. 26 The Marques Bath..is so hot, as it will scald off the haire of a Hogge.
d. To apply a hot lotion or solution to.
1753J. Bartlet Gentl. Farriery xxxi. 260 If the matter flows in great abundance, and of a thin consistence, it must be scalded again. 1887Cassell's Encycl. Dict., Scald, to boil or buck cloth with white soap after bleaching.
4. Cookery.
a. To heat liquid to a point just short of boiling point. Also intr. for pass.
1483Cath. Angl. 320/2 To Scalde browes, adipare. 1692Tryon Good House-wife iii. 45 If you take milk and scald it (but it must be done to a point, not to hot). 1725Ramsay Gentle Sheph. ii. i, Our meikle pot that scads the whey. 1833A. E. Bray Descr. Tamar & Tavy xl. (1836) III. 290 There was a pan of milk..scalding over the embers of a wood fire. 1851Mayhew Lond. Labour I. 192/2 The milk is first ‘scalded’, the pan containing it being closely watched, in order that the contents may not boil.
b. To subject to the action of hot water; to pour hot liquid over.
c1430Two Cookery-bks. 24 Take fayre Bolasse..in Wyne boyle hem þat þey be but skaldyd bywese. 1591Cockaine Treat. Hunting C j, Ground Otes put in a tub and scalded with water. 1747H. Glasse Cookery xvi. 147 A Buttered Tort. Take eight or ten large Codlings and scald them. c1830Glouc. Farm Rep. 33 in Libr. Usef. Knowl., Husb. III, It is customary with most dairy-maids to scald the curd with hot whey.
†5. trans. To boil to death. Also absol. Obs.
a1536in Songs, Carols, etc. (E.E.T.S.) 161 Þer was on skaldyd in Smythfild, for poysenyng of dyueris men of þe Bisshop of Rochesters howse. 1552Lyndesay Monarche 4642 Peter, Andro, Iohne, Iames, and Paull,..To byrne and skald thay neuer pretendit. 1568Charteris Pref. to Lyndesay's Wks. {cross} iij b, To bruyle and scald quha sa euer suld speik aganis thame.
II. To burn.
6. trans. Of the sun or fire, etc.: To scorch, burn. Also said of certain soils. Obs. exc. dial.
a1300E.E. Psalter cxx. 6 Bi dai noght þe sunne skalde þe sal. c1386Chaucer Miller's T. 667 And Nicholas is scalded in the toute. c1460Towneley Myst. xx. 4 Fro this burnyshyd brande..I red ye be shunand or els the dwill skald you. 1561Hollybush Hom. Apoth. 25 b, Chafynge meates do scaulde the lyver. 1567Golding Ovid's Met. vii. 89 b, Swelting heate that scalt their guts within. 1652–62Heylin Cosmogr. ii. (1682) 129 Blest with a sweet and temperate air, not over scalded with the Sun. 1785Burns Addr. Deil ii, I'm sure sma' pleasure it can gie, Ev'n to a deil, To skelp an' scaud poor dogs like me. 1793Trans. Soc. Arts XI. 77 A heavy soil will..scald and starve any kind of grain. 1824Scott Redgauntlet let. xi, That will be as bad as scauding your fingers wi' a redhot chanter. 1881Scribner's Monthly XXII. 268 Not a leaf..burned or scalded during the hot, dry weather.
absol.c1578G. Best in Hakluyt's Voy. (1600) III. 49 If any man say the Sunne may scalde a good while before and after it come to the Meridian. 1630R. Johnson's Kingd. & Commw. 4 Fire, being invested in the body of..metals, scaldeth more furiously than in wood. 1686tr. Chardin's Trav. Persia 413 The Reverberation of which [high mountain] so furiously heats the place in the dog-days, that it scalds again.
b. intr. for pass. To be scorched or burnt.
1513Douglas æneis iv. x. 89 And all the cost belive of flambis scald [L. iam fervere litora flammis]. c1520M. Nisbet N.T. in Scots, Matt. xiii. 6 Bot quhen the sonn was risen, thai scaldit. 1597Shakes. 2 Hen. IV, iv. v. 31 Thou do'st sit Like a rich Armor, worne in heat of day, That scald'st with safetie. 1902Rider Haggard Rural Eng. II. 392 There the land was light and they scalded.
c. transf. To become inflamed, sore, or raw.
1580Blundevil Horsemanship, Horses' Dis. xiv. 7 If you looke on his tongue, you shall see it almost rawe and scalte, with the heate that comes out of his bodie. 1808Jamieson, To Skaude, Skad, When any part of the body is galled and inflamed, in consequence of heat, it is said to skad.
†7. trans. Of desire, thoughts, etc.: To ‘burn’, inflame, irritate. Also intr., to ‘burn’ or be fired with desire. Obs.
c1375Sc. Leg. Saints xviii. (Egipciane) 961 Quhene sick thocht can me schald. 1513Douglas æneis vii. vii. 10 The byssy curis of Turnus mariage Skalding hir breist and mynd all in a rage. Ibid. xiii. vi. 104 In our [= over] ardent desyre Of the bargan he scaldit hait as fyre. 1595Shakes. John v. vii. 49, I am scalded with my violent motion And spleene of speede, to see your Maiesty. 1629Massinger Roman Actor iv. ii, Would not a secret..Scald you to keep it? 1667Cotton Scarron. iv. 65 For which she did so scald and burn That none but he could serve her turn.
III. 8. Glass-making. [after It. scaldare, F. échauder.] trans. ? To bring to a certain heat.
1662Merrett tr. Neri's Art of Glass 247 The Master workman, who..with his ponteglo sticks the Glass and scalds it. 1699tr. Blancourt's Art of Glass iii. 27 With Blowing, Pressing, Scalding, Amplifying, and Cutting he forms it [glass] into what shape he pleases. |