| 释义 |
saturated, ppl. a.|ˈsætjʊəreɪtɪd|
[f. saturate v. + -ed1.]
†1. Completely satisfied, filled to repletion. Obs.
1668H. More Div. Dial. I. 213 Therefore it is fit that, as well-saturated Guests, we should at length willingly recede from the Table. 1820C. R. Maturin Melmoth (1892) III. xxviii. 119 Sleep which is as often the refuge of intolerable misery, as that of saturated enjoyment.
2. a. Penetrated with moisture, soaked through.
1728–46Thomson Spring 217 And saturated earth Awaits the morning beam. 1784Cowper Task iii. 479 Shaking..From the full fork, the saturated straw. 1840Dickens Barn. Rudge xvii, His saturated clothes clinging with a damp embrace about his limbs. 1897M. Kingsley W. Africa 502, I arrived in the evening in a saturated condition.
b. transf. Filled to capacity; spec. in Econ., of a market in which demand is completely satisfied.
1962S. Strand Marketing Dict. 653 Saturated market, the ultimate point of absorption of a product or service within a territory. Now limited to parts replacement. 1965Monthly Economic Let. (First National City Bank, N.Y.) Apr., Household durables with ‘highly saturated markets’—those which the vast majority of families already have, such as refrigerators or black-and-white television sets—achieved sales gains through growing replacement demand.
3. Chem.
a. That has combined with or taken up in solution the largest possible proportion of some other substance. In mod. use, applied to solutions containing as much solute as is possible in equilibrium conditions (in contrast to those that are supersaturated).
1788Blagden in Phil. Trans. LXXVIII. 299, I took a saturated solution of nitre. 1799Med. Jrnl. I. 290 The preparation of the digitalis best adapted to that purpose, appeared to be the saturated tincture, of which [etc.]. 1867Bloxam Chem. 47 Such a solution would be called a cold saturated solution of saltpetre. 1939Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) III. 452/2 Removal of solvent from a saturated solution at this point results in the solution becoming supersaturated. 1978P. W. Atkins Physical Chem. viii. 220 If a lump of solid is left in contact with a solvent it will dissolve until the solvent has become saturated. The saturated solution corresponds to the case in which the chemical potential of the pure solid is equal to the chemical potential of the solute in the saturated solution.
b. Orig., applied to compounds which contained the greatest possible proportion of some element, and to (the chemical ‘affinities’ of) atoms, radicals, etc., which had entered into chemical combination to the maximum extent. Now applied to organic compounds, molecules, groups, etc., which have structures containing the greatest possible numbers of hydrogen atoms, and hence have no multiple bonds between carbon atoms; occas. applied also to carbon atoms in such structures.
1866Notices Proc. R. Inst. Gt. Brit. IV. 429 We have thus been led..to a distinction of a novel kind, that of finished and unfinished molecules; or, to use the more frequently employed expression, that of saturated and non-saturated compounds. 1876Phil. Mag. II. 167 The group OH is related in one case to a carbon atom a large number of whose affinities are already ‘saturated’ (to use a common term). 1888Brannt Anim. & Veg. Fats & Oils 48 These hydrocarbons cannot absorb any further atoms of hydrogen, and are therefore termed ‘saturated hydrocarbons’. 1935A. K. Anderson Essent. Physiol. Chem. iv. 67 Chemically, fats differ from oils in that fats contain saturated fatty acids whereas oils contain rather large quantities of unsaturated fatty acids. 1949Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) IX. 6/2 In the higher land-animals the most abundant component acids are always the monoethenoid oleic and the saturated palmitic acid. 1961[see polyunsaturated a.]. 1968Murthy & Nathan Org. Chem. made Simple vii. 122 A saturated carbon atom may be represented by a model showing only the tetrahedrally directed linkages. 1971Jrnl. Gen. Psychol. LXXXV. 155 Increasing the amount of saturated fat..resulted in a similar increase in the excitatory process. 1976Sci. Amer. Mar. 35/2 Such multiple-ring, or polycyclic, compounds are said to be saturated if all the bonds of the carbon atoms, beyond the minimum needed for carbon–carbon bonding, are linked to hydrogen atoms.
c. Min. and Petrol. Of a mineral (see quot. 1913). Of a rock: containing neither free quartz (or some other specified oxide) nor any undersaturated minerals.
1913S. J. Shand in Geol. Mag. Decade V. X. 508 Of the various minerals which enter into the composition of igneous rocks, about one-half are capable of forming in presence of free silica... These may..be termed saturated minerals. Ibid. 510 A rock which contains only saturated minerals may be termed a saturated rock. 1947[see oversaturated ppl. a.]. 1951Turner & Verhoogen Igneous & Metamorphic Petrol. iii. 54 Saturated minerals are those which are compatible with excess silica under magmatic conditions, and are therefore commonly associated with quartz. 1968B. Bayly Introd. Petrol. vi. 53 All saturated rocks fall within the shaded area in Fig. 6·1. The commonest such rocks are made of feldspar with pyroxene or amphibole.
4. a. Physics. Charged to the full extent of its capacity. (See saturate v. 4 a, b.) saturated steam: see quot. 1881.
1848tr. Regnault in Chem. Rep. & Mem. (Cavendish Soc.) 296 Temperature of the Saturated Steam. 1858Lardner Hand-bk. Nat. Phil. 316 Quantity of vapour in saturated space depends on temperature. 1880C. R. Markham Peruv. Bark ii. ix. 388 Its rains are therefore heavy, and are accompanied by dense fogs and a saturated atmosphere. 1881J. Hill in Metal World No. 22. 342 Saturated steam (that is, steam charged with such an amount of heat that any reduction thereof would produce condensation, and any increase thereof would produce super heat) is substantially a perfect gas. 1883W. N. Shaw in Trans. Cambr. Philos. Soc. XIV. 39 The saturated air was then sent through all four tubes, and the gain in weight of each tube determined.
b. Electronics. Characterized by or exhibiting saturation (senses 3 d, f); of or pertaining to a device in such a state.
1896Phil. Mag. XLII. 394 For a given intensity of radiation the current through the gas does not exceed a certain maximum value whatever the electromotive force may be, the current gets, as it were, ‘saturated’. 1899Ibid. XLVII. 160 The gas tends to become more readily saturated with diminution of pressure. 1933Proc. IRE XXI. 1667 The practical limitation of this ‘saw-tooth’ generator lies in the fact that there is no such thing as a completely saturated thermionic tube. 1956J. C. Logue in L. P. Hunter Handbk. of Semiconductor Electronics xv. 11 It is necessary to impose an upper limit on rc in the saturated region. This is to ensure that the voltage drop between the emitter and collector terminals is small when the transistor is in a saturated state. 1967Electronics 6 Mar. 122/2 They permit a whole spectrum of products with the highest speed possible with saturated logic. 1977Taub & Schilling Digital Integrated Electronics i. 18 When a base current IB is supplied, the transistor is able to furnish a current IC = hFEIB. If the current IC is actually less than hFEIB, the transistor is said to be in saturation. However, such is the case because of the constraint imposed by the circuit and not by the transistor. Hence, strictly, we should speak of a saturated circuit and not a saturated transistor.
c. saturated diving = saturation diving s.v. saturation 5.
1968New Scientist 17 Oct. 125/2 The important element in saturated diving is that after six days or six months of exposure to a given depth or pressure, the diver requires a single, fixed decompression period. 1971Petroleum Rev. July 248/1 Saturated diving requires a considerable increase in equipment sophistication and diver training.
5. Of colours: Free from admixture of white. (Cf. saturate a. 4, saturation 4.)
1853Herschel Pop. Lect. Sci. vi. §41 (1873) 257 The green being by no means a saturated or full green. 1878[see saturation 4]. 1901Athenæum 31 Aug. 293/2 In the figures grouped round the table rich and saturated tones predominate. |