| 释义 |
behind, adv., prep. (n.)|bɪˈhaɪnd|
Forms: 1 behindan, (Northumb. bihianda), 2–3 bihinden, 3 (Orm.) -hinndenn, 2–4 -hinde, 3–4 byhynde, 4 bi-, by-hynden, bi-henden, -hynde, -hind, beheinde, 4–6 behynde, 5–7 behinde, 4– behind.
[OE. bi-, behindan, identical w. OS. bihindan, f. bi-, be- + hindan, OHG. hintana, mod.G. hinten, Gothic hindana adv., ‘from behind,’ ‘behind,’ f. root hind- in hinder, hindmost, with advb. suffix -ana, orig. meaning direction from: the notion of position is given by be-. Behind is used both absolutely (as adv.), and with an object (as prep.), the latter originating in an OE. dative of reference, behindan him ‘in the rear as to him’; in Gothic hindana took a genitive, hindana Iaurdanaus ‘from the back of the Jordan.’ In its sense-development the word is one, though for practical purposes the adverbial and prepositional construction are here treated separately.]
A. adv.
I. In relation to an object in motion.
1. In a place whence those to whom the reference is made have departed; remaining after the others have gone. Esp. used with leave (let obs.), remain, stay, abide.
a. lit.
c900O.E. Chron. an. 894 Ða Deniscan sæton þær be hindan. a1000Boeth. Metr. xxiv. 29 Þu..þone hehstan heofon behindan lætest. Ibid. xxvi. 23 He let him behindan hyrnde ciolas. c1305St. Swithin 99 in E.E.P. (1862) 46 Ne lef þu noȝt bihynde. c1450Rob. Hood (Ritson) i. i. 46 We shall abide behynde. c1500Merch. & Son in Halliw. Nugæ Poet. 26 Here ys a fytt of thys matere; the bettur ys behynde. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 306 He..leaves the Scythian Arrow far behind. 1766Goldsm. Vic. W. iii. (1806) 13 Too generous to attempt leaving us behind. 1782Cowper J. Gilpin 60 Betty screaming came downstairs, ‘The wine is left behind!’ 1874Stubbs Const. Hist. (1875) I. 64 Even the slaves were not left behind.
b. fig. In the position, condition, or state which a person or thing has left: e.g. in existence after one's death.
c1400St. Alexius 20 Richesse he lete al Bihynde. 1595Babes in Wd. (Ritson) 16 They died And left two babes behind. a1631Donne Poems (1650) 15 To leave this world behinde, is death. 1652Culpepper Eng. Physic 68 Gross humours Winter hath left behinde. 1764Goldsm. Trav. 132 All evils..That opulence departed leaves behind. 1829Southey Sir T. More II. 138 When they were advanced from a private station, they left behind them the leisure. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 73 The salt is left entirely behind, and nothing but pure water evaporated.
c. In the time which one has lived beyond, in the past.
[1382Wyclif Phil. iii. 13 Forȝetinge..tho thingis that ben bihyndis.] 1526Tindale ibid., I forget that which is behynde. c1600Shakes. Sonn. l, My grief lies onward and my joy behind. 1850Tennyson In Mem. lxxvii, As in the winters left behind, Again our ancient games had place.
†2. After one has left (a company), in one's absence. Obs., and now expressed by ‘behind one's back’: see B 9.
a1000Bi manna Lease (Gr.) 4 Eorl oðerne..mid teon⁓wordum tæleð behindan, spreceð faᵹere beforan. c1175Lamb. Hom. 143 Þe þet spekeð faire biforen and false bihinden. 1413Lydg. Pylgr. Sowle iii. iii. (1483) 51 Ye have shewed them in presence good chere..but behynde ye have ben fals traytours.
3. a. In the rear of anything moving; following, in the train; not so far forward. to come behind: to follow, come after. to fall behind: to fall into the rear through not going so fast or ‘keeping up.’
[c950Lindisf. Gosp. Mark v. 27 [Wif] cwom in ðreat bihianda. ]1393Langl. P. Pl. C. iv. 37 Ther connynge clerkus shulleþ clocke by-hynde. 1562J. Heywood Prov. & Epigr. (1867) 72 The further ye go, the further behynde. c1575J. Still Gamm. Gurton v. in Dodsley (1780) II. 77 As proude come behinde, as anie goes before. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 708 Late to lag behind, with truant pace. 1857M. Howitt Web-Spinner, I am wearied with a long day's chase, My friends are far behind. 1858C. Patmore Angel in Ho. xii. iii, Her laughing sisters lagg'd behind.
†b. of following in time: Later. those that come behind: posterity. Obs.
c1600Rob. Hood (Ritson) i. v. 420 Least his fame should be buried clean From those that came behind. 1628Hobbes Thucyd. (1822) 40 Men..are many times to fall first to action, the which ought to come behind.
4. fig. (from 1) In reserve, kept back, not yet brought forward or mentioned; still to come.
1250Lay. 18012 He hadde bihinde ehtetene þousend. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 6 b, Smoke, the more it encreaseth, the lesse is behynde. 1542Udall Erasm. Apoph. 276 b, There is but a veraye litle litle tyme of my life behinde. 1603Shakes. Meas. for M. v. 545 Wee'll show What's yet behinde. 1630Wadsworth Sp. Pilgr. v. 46 He..told what was behinde of his former discourse. 1687T. Brown Saints in Upr. Wks. 1730 I. 73 The oddest and most comical scene is still behind. 1750Johnson Rambl. No. 67 ⁋2 The expectation of some new possession, or of some enjoyment yet behind. 1818Macaulay in Trevelyan Life I. ii. 96 But stronger evidence is behind.
5. fig. (from 3.)
a. Of progress, advancement, or attainment; hence, of rank, order, subordination.
c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 213 Þenne man bipecheð oðer · he him makeð to ben bihinden of þat he weneð to ben biforen. c1300Cursor M. 6073 Qua for pouert ys be-hinde. 1526Tindale 1 Cor. i. 7 So that ye are behynde [Wyclif fail, 1611 come behinde] in no gyfte. 1586Warner Alb. Eng. iii. xviii. 83 You..shall see Yourselues to come behind in Armes. 1788F. Burney Diary, etc. (1842) IV. 42 Mrs. Montagu, who was behind with no one in kind speeches. 1817Jas. Mill Brit. India II. v. iv. 462 The opponents were not behind in violence.
b. In reference to the fulfilment of an obligation, esp. of paying money due: In arrear. Const. with money unpaid, or the person to whom it is due; in fulfilling an obligation.
c1375Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. II. 252 So many men in þis world ben byhynde of dette of love. 1454E.E. Wills (1882) 133 His wages beyng be-hynde. 1493Festivall (W. de W. 1515) 20 Ye that be behynde [in making shrift]..come and shryve you. 1512Act 4 Hen. VIII, xi, If the seid annuell rentes..be behynde. 1596Danett Comines' Hist. Fr. (1614) 239 Maximilian was behind with them for certaine moneths pay. 1614R. Tailor Hog hath lost Pearl i. i. in Dodsley (1780) VI. 381, I am behind with my landlord a year. 1697C'tess. D'Aunoy's Trav. (1706) 86 A man of good quality..much behind in the world. 1765Act 5 Geo. II, xvii. §3 in Oxf. & Camb. Enact. 75 In case the rent or rents..shall be behind or unpaid. 1885Manch. Exam. 21 July 5/2 If the tenant falls behind with his instalments.
6. a. After due time; late or slow in coming forward. Obs. exc. Sc.
c1330Assumpt. Virg. 808 Euer art þou bi-hynde, Whare hast þou so longe bene? 1414Brampton Penit. Ps. lxv. 25 Lete noȝt thi mercy be behynde. 1727Walker Life Peden 38 (Jam.) He was never behind with any that put their trust in him. 1787Beattie Scotticisms 14, I fear I shall be behind, i.e. not arrive in time.—Late, too late.
b. Of a watch or clock: Slow.
1787Beattie Scotticisms 15 My watch is behind, before: slow, fast, are better.
II. In relation to objects at rest.
7. a. On the back side, at the back; in the rear of anything stationary having a recognized front.
c1220Sawles Warde in Cott. Hom. 251 Speoweð ham eft ut biuoren ant bihinden. c1305Judas Iscar. 83 in E.E.P. 109 He smot him wiþ a ston bihynde in þe pate. c1400Destr. Troy xxiii. 9540 He was brochit þurgh the body with a big speire, Þat a trunchyn of þe tre tut out behynd. a1540Pilgrim's T. 66 in Thynne's Animadv. 79 In myn eyr behynd I herde a bussinge. 1601Shakes. Jul. C. v. i. 43 Caska, like a curre, behinde Strooke Cæsar on the necke. 1713Steele Englishm. No. 1. 5 The Servants behind..were unable to contain from laughing. 1795Southey Joan of Arc iv. 388 From behind a voice was heard. 1831R. Knox Cloquet's Anat. 152 A..smooth surface, concave from behind forwards. 1837Marryat Dog-Fiend viii, She had..a back-door into the street behind.
†b. fig. At one's back, supporting, backing up.
1630Wadsworth Sp. Pilgr. vii. 71 The remainder of the regiment..[was] giuen to Sir Iames Creeton, there being behind Captain Lucy..with diuerse other..Captaines.
c. At the back or on the farther side of some object, so as to be hidden. Chiefly fig.
a1887Mod. That seems fair enough, but is there anything behind?
d. ellipt. for behind the scenes (see sense B. 6 c).
1824J. Decastro Memoirs 8 To visit the theatre whenever he was so disposed, either in front or behind. 1856Dickens Dorrit i. xx. 283 But the idea, Amy, of you coming behind! I never did! 1885G. B. Shaw in Works (1932) VI. 202, I am going to take a peep behind: that is, if non-performers may be admitted. 1926R. Macaulay Crewe Train ii. ii. 64 Leonard's fate will be settled by the time the curtain goes up. He's gone behind, poor Leonard.
8. Towards the rear, backwards. (With look or equivalent verbs.)
c1340Ayenb. 130 Yzyþ aboue and beneþe, and beuore and behynde. 1382Wyclif Judg. xx. 40 Beniamyn biholdynge bihynde..turnede the face. 1604Shakes. Oth. ii. i. 158 She that could..See suitors following, and not looke behind. 1692E. Walker Epictetus' Mor. (1737) xii, Run, Nor look behind. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iv. 708 Th' unwary Lover cast his Eyes behind. 1799Wordsw. Lucy Gray xvi, O'er rough and smooth she trips along, And never looks behind. 1867Alford Hymn ‘Forward’, Seek the things before us, Not a look behind.
9. To the back, into the rear. † to put behind (obs.): to put into the rear, out of sight, into the background, or into a subordinate position.
c1380Wyclif 3 Treat. i. 61 Shrift to God is put bihynde..but privey shrift newe foundun is autorisid as nedeful to soulis heele. c1400Apol. Loll. 90 Put not His bidding be hynd. c1430Lydg. Bochas i. iii. (1544) 6 a, The pride of Nembroth there was put behind. c1450Rob. Hood (Ritson) i. i. 1072, I dyd holpe a pore yeman, With wronge was put behynde. a1887Mod. Go behind and look for it.
B. prep.
I. With the object in motion.
1. a. In a place left by (one who has gone on). Usually with leave, remain, stay, expressed or understood.
c1200Ormin 8913 He wass þa bihinndenn hemm bilefedd att te temmple. a1300Cursor M. 15879 Lafte þei not bihynden hem þe fals feloun Iudas. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 143 To leue our beest behynde vs. 1613Shakes. Hen. VIII, iv. ii. 84 Leaue me heere in wretchednesse, behinde ye. 1874Farrar Christ I. 477 Leaving behind him those Phœnician shrines. a1887Mod. She has resolved to stay behind me for a few days.
b. fig. In a condition or state left by (one); in existence, in life, in the world after one is ‘gone.’
1601Shakes. Twel. N. ii. i. 20 He left behind him myself and a sister. a1694Tillotson (J.) Piety and virtue are not only delightful for the present, but they leave peace and contentment behind them. 1759Johnson Rasselas xxx. Wks. (1825) I. 263 The old Egyptians have left behind them monuments of industry. 1867Freeman Norm. Conq. I. vi. (1876) 420 The last King who left behind him a name for just and mild government.
c. fig. In time left by (one); in time past.
1832Tennyson Locksley Hall 13 When the centuries behind me like a fruitful land reposed.
†2. After the departure of (a person); in the absence of. Obs. (Now, behind his back: see 9.)
c1300Beket 1374 To deme a man bihynden him thou wost hit nere no lawe. 1340Ayenb. 10 Þo þet misziggeþ guode men behinde ham. 1470–85Malory Arthur (1816) I. 357 Many speak more behind him than they will say to his face.
3. a. In the rear of (one moving); following, after.
c1385Chaucer L.G.W. 185 By-hynde this god..I saw comynge of ladyis nynetene. 1610Shakes. Temp. iv. i. 11 She will outstrip all praise And make it halt, behinde her. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iv. 700 And close behind him follow'd she. 1742Young Nt. Th. i. 171 Joy behind joy, in endless perspective! 1808Scott Marm. i. vii, Behind him rode two gallant squires.
b. with reference to any kind of progress, attainment, or position or order attained: Inferior to.
1526Tindale 2 Cor. xi. 5, I suppose that I was not behynde the chefe apostles. 1593Hooker Eccl. Pol. i. vi. §2 Wks. 1841 I. 164 Beasts, though otherwise behind men, may..in actions of sense and fancy go beyond them. 1625Burges Pers. Tithes 24 The practise of such as are behind him in estate. 1823Lamb Elia Ser. i. xv. (1865) 121 She is in some things behind her years. 1848Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 68 They were some centuries behind their neighbours in knowledge.
c. To be behind the times: see time n. 5 a. Also attrib.
1905Daily Chron. 14 Feb. 6/3 A slow-going, old-fashioned, behind-the-times country.
4. Later than, after (the set time), i.e. after the set time has passed. In ‘behind time’ there is an expression of blame not present in ‘after time.’
1600Shakes. A.Y.L. iv. i. 195 If you..come one minute behind your hour. 1632Rutherford Lett. 26 (1862) I. 98 We be but half-hungered of Christ here, and many a time dine behind noon. 1853C. Brontë Villette 180 ‘Ten minutes behind his time,’ said she.
II. With the object at rest.
5. a. In the space lying to the rear of, on the back side of (a person, or object that has a front and back). behind fortifications, etc.: inside of, so as to be defended by them.
c1175Lamb. Hom. 165 He is buuen us and bineþen, biforen and bihinden. a1225Juliana 73 Bihinden hare schuldren. c1300K. Alis. 2013 Y wol..faste bynde, His honden his rug byhynde. c1320Seuyn Sag. (W.) 553 He hadde, bihinden his paleys, A fair gardin. 1611Bible Ex. xiv. 19 The pillar of the cloud..stood behinde them. 1760Johnson Idler No. 95 ⁋6 They wondered how a youth of spirit could spend the prime of life behind a counter. 1766Goldsm. Vic. W. xxii. (1806) 132 Next morning I took my daughter behind me, and set out on my return home. 1849Kingsley Pr. Idylls (1875) 295 The gentleman from Lloyd's with the pen behind his ear.
b. fig. At the back of (any one) as a support; backing (one) up.
1882Pall Mall G. 24 June 1 The great arbitragists who have behind them the wealthy financial houses in London.
6. a. On the farther side of (an object) from the spectator or point of reference; beyond.
c1325E.E. Allit. P. B. 653 Þe burde byhynde þe dor for busmar laȝed. a1400Chester Pl. 209 Alas! that I were awaie Ferre behynde France! 1653Holcroft Procopius iv. 120 All behinde the end of the Euxine is Lazica. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 330 Behind the Mountain, or beyond the Flood. 1820Keats St. Agnes xi, He stood hid..Behind a broad hall-pillar. 1832H. Martineau Life in Wilds i. 3 The mountains behind the Cape of Good Hope.
b. fig. At the back of, hidden by, on the side remote from our observation.
1866J. Martineau Ess. I. 198 Behind every phenomenon we must assume a power.
c. behind the scenes: in the rear of the scenery of a theatre; hence, behind what is publicly displayed, out of sight, in private. Also attrib. and behind-scene. See also scene 7.
1711Addison Spect. No. 44 ⁋5 Murders and Executions are always transacted behind the Scenes in the French Theatre. 1779Horne Disc. (1799) IV. vii. 169 In the Scripture-histories we are as it were admitted behind the scenes. 1841E. Fitzgerald Let. 16 Jan. (1889) I. 64 And go right through it [sc. a picture] into some behind-scene world on the other side. 1856Froude Hist. Eng. I. 316 There lay,..behind the scenes a whole drama of contention and bitterness. 1933Essays & Studies XVIII. 156 They [sc. ‘stream of consciousness’ novels] have..a strong behind-the-scenes interest. 1961John o'London's 5 Oct. 374/2 His political novel tells the story of the behind-the-scenes struggle for power. 1968J. Wainwright Web of Silence 100 It hit the headlines..but it didn't help the behind-scene manœuvring.
7. Backwards from (oneself), towards what lies in the rear of. (With look and equivalent verbs.)
c1374Chaucer Boeth. iii. xii. 108 Yif he loke byhynden hym. 1382Wyclif Gen. xix. 26 The wijf of hym [Lot], biholdynge bihynde her. 1611Bible Judg. xx. 40 The Benjamites looked behind them. 1750Johnson Rambler No. 6 ⁋13 Venturing to look behind him. 1860Tyndall Glaciers i. §14. 94 The prospect..behind us..grew worse.
8. a. Into the space lying to the rear of, to the back or farther side of.
1250Lay. 26057 Arthur..storte bi-hinde an treo. c1385Chaucer L.G.W. 643 By-hyndyn the mast begynnyth he to fle. 1611Bible Matt. xxvi. 23 Get thee behind mee, Satan. ― 2 Kings ix. 19 Turne thee behinde me. Mod. The mouse ran behind the sidebord. The sun has sunk behind the mountains.
b. fig. Out of attention or consideration.
1866Motley Dutch Rep. v. i. 673 The plan of Don John..I put entirely behind me.
c. to go behind: to press an enquiry into what does not appear on the surface of (any matter), or is not avowed.
1884M. White in Law Times Rep. LII. 548/2 The rate..was valid and good on the face of it, and the justices were not entitled to go behind it and inquire whether there was a concurrent rate.
III. phr.
9. behind (one's) back has been used as a more emphatic expression for behind (one), in all senses; but now spec. in sense 2, in which behind-backs also occurs in Scotch.
c1325E.E. Allit. P. B. 980 Þe balleful burde..Blusched byhynden her bak. 1382Wyclif Gen. xxii. 13 Abraham..sawe bihynd his bak a wether among the thornes. 1470–85Malory Arthur (1816) I. 307 To say of me wrong or shame behind my back. 1611Bible Ex. xxiii. 35 Thou hast forgotten me, and cast me behinde thy backe [1388 Wyclif, behynde thi bodi]. 1645Rutherford Tryal & Tri. Faith (1845) 78 The Father and the Son are speaking of thee behind backs. 1711Steele Spect. No. 109 ⁋5 Sir Andrew Freeport has said behind my Back, that, etc. 1782Bp. Newton Wks. II. xxii. 460 The flatterer will..trumpet forth your praises behind your back. c1817Hogg Tales & Sk. IV. 14 Tibby was sitting behind backs enjoying the meal. 1864Linnet's Trial I. iii. i. 303, I should be very sorry not to defend people behind their backs.
C. as n.
1. (colloq. and vulgar): The back side or rear part (of the person or of a garment); the posteriors.
1786Lounger No. 54. 17 Two young Ladies..with new Hats on their heads, new Bosoms, and new Behinds in a band-box. a1830George IV in Sat. Rev. (1862) 8 Feb., Go and do my bidding—tell him he lies, and kick his behind in my name! 1833Marryat P. Simple (1863) 49 That I might not have the front of my trowsers torn as well as the behind. 1926D. H. Lawrence Let. 19 Jan. (1932) 647 Lucky I'm not a professional behind-kicker. 1928G. B. Shaw Intell. Woman's Guide lxxiv. 362 You can say ‘If I catch you doing that again I will..smack your behind’.
2. a. Australian Rules Football. A scoring kick that earns one point (see quot. 1968). Also attrib.
1888Pall Mall G. 23 July 6/2 The visitors won by five goals and ten behinds to four goals and eight behinds. 1890Melbourne Punch 14 Aug. 107/2 South Melbourne 3 goals 10 behinds. 1968Eagleson & McKie Terminology Austral. Nat. Football i. 14 A behind is scored when the ball, after being kicked, is touched by or touches any player before passing through the goal posts; or when it touches a goal post; or when it passes immediately above a goal post or between a goal post and a behind post; or when it is kicked or knocked through the goal posts by one of the defending players. Ibid. 15 Behind line, the line between the goal and behind posts. Ibid., Behind post, a post seven yards to the side of a goal post, and not as tall as the goal post.
b. (See quots.)
1898Encycl. Sport II. 143 (Eton football) Each side consists of the ‘bully’, outsides, and behinds, but all except the behinds are commonly spoken of as ‘the bully’. Ibid., The ‘behinds’ are ‘short’ and ‘long behind’ and ‘goals’.
D. Comb. † behind-back(s, see 9 above; behind-forth (obs.), from behind forward; behind-rider, a rear guard; behind-sight nonce-wd. (as contrast to foresight), backward view, retrospection.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xviii. lxvii. (1495) 823 [The leoperde] reseth on hym behyndeforth wyth bytyng and wyth clawes. 1471Hist. Arriv. Edw. IV (1838) 14 A good bande of speres and archars his behynd-rydars. 1884Pall Mall G. 8 Feb. 1/1 If our foresight were as good as our ‘behindsight,’ many disasters would never happen. |