| 释义 |
psychology|ps-, saɪˈkɒlədʒɪ|
Also (erron.) 7 psuco-, 7–8 psyco-, 8 psicho-.
[ad. mod.L. psȳchologia (16th c.), f. Gr. ψῡχο- psycho- + -logy; in F. and Ger. psychologie. See note below.]
1. a. The science of the nature, functions, and phenomena of the human mind (formerly also of the soul).
comparative psychology, the study of mind or intelligence as developed in man and animals.
1653tr. J. de Back's Discourse in W. Harvey Anat. Exercises sig. H7v, I call the generall doctrine of man Anthropologie, the parts of which, I do ordain to be, according to this division, Psychologie, Somatologie, and Hœmatologie, into the doctrine of the soul, bodie, and blood... Psychologie is a doctrine which searches out mans Soul, and the effects of it. Ibid. sig. H8v, I do bind up the order of Psychology in few words. a1680R. Cudworth Treat. Freewill (1838) 19 The vulgar psychology, or the now generally received way of philosophizing concerning the soul, doth either quite baffle and betray this liberty of will, or else render it absurd, ridiculous, or monstrous. 1693tr. Blancard's Phys. Dict. (ed. 2) 13/2 Anthropologia, the Description of a Man, or the Doctrin concerning him. Bartholine divides it into Two Parts; viz. Anatomy, which treats of the Body, and Psycology, which treats of the Soul. Ibid. 22/1 Psucologie, which Treats of the Soul. 1748Hartley Observ. Man i. iii. 354 Psychology, or the Theory of the human Mind, with that of the intellectual Principles of Brute Animals. 1800Med. Jrnl. IV. 187 A circumstance very interesting with respect to Psichology. 1836–7Sir W. Hamilton Metaph. (1877) I. viii. 129 Psychology..strictly so denominated, is the Science conversant about the phaenomena or modifications, or States of the Mind, or Conscious Subject, or Soul or Spirit, or Self or Ego. 1837Whewell Hist. Induct. Sc. iv. iv. (1857) I. 241 Hugo de St. Victor..the first of the scholastic writers who made psychology his special study. 1842Prichard Nat. Hist. Man 486 Psychology is, with respect to mankind, the history of the mental faculties. 1879Huxley Hume ii. i, Psychology is a part of the science of life or biology... As the physiologist inquires into the way in which the so-called ‘functions’ of the body are performed, so the psychologist studies the so-called ‘faculties’ of the mind. 1892W. James Coll. Ess. & Rev. (1920) xx. 317, I wished, by treating Psychology like a natural science, to help her to become one. 1897C. H. Judd tr. Wundt's Outl. Psychol. i. 3 The assignment of this problem to psychology, making it an empirical science coordinate with natural science and supplementary to it, is justified by the method of all the mental sciences, for which psychology furnishes the basis. 1910Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. XXI. 72 Although great writers and poets have frequently made the most penetrating generalisations in practical psychology, the world has always been slow to profit by their discoveries. 1930W. Köhler Gestalt Psychol. vi. 167 In psychology too, the influence of gestalt has been demonstrated..in very primitive behaviour. 1973C. D. Kernig Marxism, Communism & Western Society VII. 98 Starting from the assumption that Soviet psychology is grounded on dialectical materialism, psychological historiography attempts to show how far materialist, and later dialectical and finally Marxist-Leninist thinking moulded the character of psychology.
b. A treatise on, or system of, psychology.
1791Gentl. Mag. LXI. ii. 779 He [Mr. John Seymour] had likewise just completed the printing of a volume from the French intituled ‘Psychology’. 1866Ferrier Grk. Philos. I. x. 231 The doctrine taught in all our logics and psychologies. 1884J. Tait Mind in Matter (1892) 110 The Philosophy of Spinoza results in the Psychology of Hume.
c. In mod. usage, the signification of the word has broadened to include (a) the scientific study of the mind as an entity and in its relationship to the physical body, based on observation of the behaviour and activity aroused by specific stimuli; and (b) the study of the behaviour of an individual or of a selected group of individuals when interacting with the environment or in a given social context. So experimental psychology, the experimental study of the responses of an individual to stimuli; social psychology, the study of the interaction between an individual and the social group to which he belongs.
(a)1895Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. VII. 78 Experimental Psychology was in its origin, and has remained for a considerable extent in its development, a German science. 1927Psychol. Rev. XXXIV. 126 They adopt in regard to them [sc. instincts] the attitude common to the stimulus-response school of psychology, which purports to base the development of human behavior, of character and personality, upon the innately determined reactions of the organism to objective stimuli. 1940Hilgard & Marquis Conditioning & Learning i. 2 The conditioned response was called the unit of habit by psychologists to whom habit was the most important concept in psychology. 1953C. E. Osgood Method & Theory in Exper. Psychol. p. v, I have covered the major portion of what is called experimental psychology including sections on sensory processes, perception, learning, and symbolic processes. 1968Internat. Encycl. Social Sci. XIII. 78/2 Existential psychology is a comprehensive psychology whose aim is an integration of the observations of different psychologies into an explanatory theory about human behavior in its lived international entirety. 1976H. Brown Brain & Behavior i. 5 The study of the relation between brain structure and behavior gives physiological psychology the unique mission of trying to resolve an old and basic puzzle of philosophy and science, often referred to as the ‘mind-body problem’.
(b)1896G. Le Bon Crowd ii. 32 What we know of the psychology of crowds shows that treatises of logic need on this point to be rewritten. 1908W. McDougall Social Psychol. 18 Social psychology has to show how, given the native propensities and capacities of the human mind, all the complex mental life of societies is shaped by them and in turn reacts upon the course of their development and operation in the individual. 1922E. Glover Roots of Crime (1960) 4 For the first time in the history of British criminology a meeting of Justices of the Peace has invited a psycho-analyst to lecture on the psychology of crime. 1948A. L. Kroeber Anthropol. (rev. ed.) viii. 323 Clinical psychology was the first recognized branch of psychology that attempted to deal with whole human beings, as distinct from..special aspects of the mind. 1963Gough & Jenkins in M. H. Marx Theories Contemp. Psychol. xxix. 456 The study of verbal learning has not led to the study of verbal behavior in general, to the psychology of language. 1975W. S. Sahakian Hist. & Syst. Psychol. xix. 425 The World War II years found him interested in the psychology of morale and human engineering psychology.
2. a. The attitude or outlook of an individual or a group on a particular matter or on life in general.
1899G. Le Bon Psychol. of Socialism iv. 39 We find in the working classes two well-defined subdivisions, each with a different psychology. 1908F. M. Ford Let. Dec. (1965) 29 Thanks for yr. letter: of course I understand yr. psychology &, God forbid that you shd. restrain yr. irritation before men of good will. 1928Daily Tel. 11 Sept. 10/5 The psychology of the workaday world has infected him with its disquiet. 1931F. L. Allen Only Yesterday ii. 20 War-time psychology was dominant; no halfway measure would serve. 1954Koestler Invisible Writing xxiv. 264 Was not the psychology of the masses an infinitely more complex phenomenon?
b. The nature of an event or phenomenon considered from the point of view of psychology.
1892C. G. Chaddock tr. Krafft-Ebing's Psychopathia Sexualis p. iv, It is not the intention of the author to lay the foundation of a psychology of the sexual life, though without doubt psychopathology would furnish many important sources of knowledge to psychology. 1929B. Russell Marriage & Morals xvi. 182 The psychology of adultery has been falsified by conventional morals. 1932F. C. Bartlett Remembering ii. 16 There is..adequate reason for beginning our detailed study of the psychology of remembering with an investigation into the character and conditions of perceiving and imagining. 1964B. B. Gilligan tr. I. Lepp (title) The psychology of loving.
3. attrib., as psychology journal, psychology student.
1971D. Crystal in E. Ardener Social Anthropol. & Lang. 194 This research, largely reported in psychology journals.., is methodologically unsatisfactory in many respects.
1890W. James Princ. Psychol. II. xviii. 56, I have myself for many years collected from each and all of my psychology-students descriptions of their own visual imagination. 1972G. W. Kisker Disorganized Personality (rev. ed.) xv. 494 Psychology students were employed by one investigator as ‘companion counselors’.
[Note. Neither this word nor any of the group existed in Greek. Psychology began, in the modern Latin form psychologia, in Germany in the 16th c. It is said by Volkmann von Volkmar, Lehrbuch der Psychologie, 1875, I. 38, to have been used by Melanchthon as title of a prelection, and it was employed by J. T. Freigius in 1575; but was introduced into literature, 1590–97, by Goclenius of Marburg and his pupil Casmann (Psychologia anthropologica. sive animæ humanæ doctrina). It was thenceforth usual to consider Psychologia and Somatotomia or Somatologia as the two parts of Anthropologia, and in this sense the word is found frequently in the medical writers of the 17th c., as in Blancard's Lexicon Medicum, 1679, and in French in Dionis, Anatomie de l'Homme, 1690. Our first Eng. quot. of 1693 is from a transl. of Blancard. In French, according to Hatzfeld-Darmesteter, it had been used in the 16th c. by Taillepied in the sense of ‘the science of the apparition of spirits’. In a philosophical sense, it was used by some (Latin) writers, as by Thomas Govan (Ars Sciendi sive Logica, 1682), by whom Physica or Natural Science was divided into the domains of Pneumatologia the science of spirits or spiritual beings, and Somatologia or Physiologia the science of material bodies; Pneumatologia contained the three subdivisions, Theologia the doctrine of God, Angelographia (incl. Demonologia) the doctrine of angels (and devils), and Psychologia the doctrine of human souls. The modern sense begins with Chr. von Wolff (Psychologia Empirica 1732, Psychologia Rationalis 1734); followed by Hartley in England 1748, and Bonnet in France 1755. The term was also employed by Kant, but was not much used in the modern languages before the 19th c.] |