| 释义 |
▪ I. bad, a. (and n.)|bæd|
Also 4–6 badd(e.
[ME. badde appears in end of 13th c., rare till end of 14th: see below. Regularly compared badder, baddest, from 14th to 18th c. (in De Foe 1721), though Shakespeare has only the modern substitutes worse, worst, taken over from evil, ill, after bad came to be = evil.
Prof. Zupitza, with great probability, sees in bad-de (2 syll.) the ME. repr. of OE. bæddel ‘homo utriusque generis, hermaphrodita,’ doubtless like Gr. ἀνδρόγυνος, and the derivative bædling ‘effeminate fellow, womanish man, µαλακός,’ applied contemptuously; assuming a later adjectival use, as in yrming, wrecca, and loss of final l as in mycel, muche, lytel, lyte, wencel, wench(e. This perfectly suits the ME. form and sense, and accounts satisfactorily for the want of early written examples. And it is free from the many historical and phonetic difficulties of the derivation proposed by Sarrazin (Engl. Studien VI. 91, VIII. 66), who, comparing the etymology of madde, mad, earlier amad(de:—OE. ᵹemǽded (see amad), would refer badde to OE. ᵹebǽded, ᵹebǽdd, ‘forced, oppressed,’ with a sense-development parallel to that of L. captīvus, ‘taken by force, enslaved, captive,’ It. cattivo, F. chetif, ‘miserable, wretched, despicable, worthless.’ No other suggestion yet offered is of any importance; the Celtic words sometimes compared are out of the question.]
A. adj.
I. In a privative sense: Not good.
1. a. Of defective quality or worth, ‘of no good’; below par, poor, worthless, ‘wretched,’ ‘miserable’; that one does not think much (or anything) of.
1297R. Glouc. 108 Wat is vs to lete þis badde kyng Go þus o liue as a schade, þat nys worþ noþing? c1350Will. Palerne 5024 Of here atir for to telle to badde is my witte. c1386Chaucer Monk's T. 430 [In prison] Mete and drynke he hadde..it was ful poure and badde. 1393Gower Conf. II. 47 Her sadel eke was wonder badde. c1440Promp. Parv. 20/2 Badde, or nowght worthe, invalidus. a1553Udall Roister D. v. ii, Better a bad scuse then none. 1732Pope Horace Sat. ii. ii. 63 Nor stops, for one bad cork, his butler's pay. 1873Black Pr. Thule xxiv. 413 Sometimes they sent him a letter; but he was a bad correspondent.
b. bad air: corrupt, vitiated air, which cannot sustain healthy respiration; bad coin, bad penny: debased, false coin; also fig.; bad debts: debts that cannot be realized; bad food: food deficient in nourishment. to go bad: to decay. with bad grace: unwillingly. Also (chiefly dial.), in arrears (cf. bad n. 1 b. b). Also bad egg, bad form, bad hat, bad lot, etc.: see the ns.
1393Langl. P. Pl. C. xviii. 73 Men may lykne letterid men..to a badde peny. 1601Shakes. Jul. C. i. ii. 252, I durst not laugh, for feare of opening my Lippes, and receyuing the bad Ayre. 1622Malynes Anc. Law Merch. 124 If any bad debts should be made thereby. 1773John Wesley Jrnl. 21 Aug. (1916) V. 522 Our income does not yet answer our expense. We were again near two hundred pounds bad. 1779in Proc. Wesley Hist. Soc. (1930) XVII. 158 Destroyed a bad shilling. 1782Cowper Expostulation in Poet. Wks. (1905) 52 Perjuries are common as bad pence. 1798Malthus Popul. (1878) 68 Children perished..from bad nourishment. 1832Lander Exp. Niger III. xvii. 44 Our people set about loading the canoe..but with bad grace. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. xxi, The misery caused in a single year by bad crowns and bad shillings. 1858[see law n.1 17 c (d)]. 1866Crump Banking xi. 244 As the price of the article increases, so do the bad debts increase. 1881A. B. Evans Leicestershire Words 96 ‘I'n got a quarter bad in my rent.’ ‘His illness threw us bad with the clothing-club.’ 1884St. James's Gaz. 17 Oct. 3/2 The suffering that comes from bad food, bad air, bad clothing. 1884Daily News 25 Dec. 3/4 It ‘goes bad’ more readily than..cooked butcher's meat. 1937A. Christie Dumb Witness x. 111 Always hard up—always in debt—always returning like a bad penny from all over the world. 1962S. E. Martin in Householder & Saporta Problems in Lexicography 155 Some bad pennies of everyday conversation are shunned by dictionaries.
c. Colloq. phrases not bad, not so bad, not half bad: used (usu. pred.) of a state of things, the result of an effort, etc.: less bad than it might be (or have been); hence, by meiosis, fairly good, deserving some praise or congratulation.
1771C. Burney Pres. State Mus. 65 The intermezzo was not bad; the music pretty, but old. 1810C. Stewart tr. Mirza Abu Taleb Khan's Travels II. xxiv. 133 The gentlemen put up with bad food, and worse wine; and whenever I complained, they took great pains to persuade me the things were not so bad, or that the master of the house was not in fault. 1835Naut. Mag. IV. 689 The idea of a sailor's chemise is not bad. 1838in E. Eden ‘Up the Country’ (1866) I. 129 These [letters] are five months old, but that is not so bad. 1839Mag. Dom. Econ. May 332 Leaving out the cheese, the thing itself is not so very bad. 1860Englishwoman's Dom. Mag. Oct. 26 ‘Not bad!’ Bloomfield replied with a loud laugh. 1867Field 6 Apr. 246/3 This is not half bad,..a fish a-piece, although we were clean till four o'clock. 1871,1886[see half adv. 3]. 1899Kipling Stalky 220 ‘Not half bad years, either,’ said M‘Turk. 1900W. R. Kennedy Hurrah Life Sailor xii. 180 We had bagged three bulls before breakfast, which was not so bad. 1925W. Deeping Sorrell & Son xvii. 163 ‘Did they make it rather beastly—for you?’ ‘O, not so bad, pater.’ 1954Wodehouse & Bolton Bring on Girls i. 19 ‘What did you think of our little entertainment?’..‘Not bad,’ said Plum.
d. colloq. (orig. U.S.). Discomfited, sad, or contrite; in low spirits. Esp. in phr. to feel bad (about): to be embarrassed or unhappy about (a situation, etc.). Cf. to feel good s.v. good a. 3 c.
1839Marryat Diary Amer. 1st Ser. II. 33 Bad is used in an odd sense: it is employed for awkward, uncomfortable, sorry. 1871E. Eggleston Hoosier Schoolmaster ix. 83 ‘Why, how do you feel?’ ‘Kind o' bad and lonesome, and like as if I wanted to die.’ 1876J. Smith Archie & Bess 46 Mind he's aye yer faither; an' he's unco bad aboot ye. 1887W. H. Herndon Let. Jan. in E. Hertz Hidden Lincoln (1940) 161 Tiger felt bad about the matter. 1911G. B. Shaw Blanco Posnet 405 We can do it yet if you feel really bad about it. 1942L. Hughes Shakespeare in Harlem 6, I wonder if white folks ever feel bad, Getting up in the morning lonesome and sad? 1960E. Stopp tr. St. Francis de Sales' Sel. Lett. 93 Naturally, when you get news of some scandal you feel very bad about it. 1986Los Angeles Times 12 Sept. v. 9/1 He had spanked his daughter... It didn't work, he said. ‘She just cried more and I felt bad.’
2. Incorrect, faulty. bad shot: a wrong guess.
1688Lond. Gaz. No. 2309/4 He speaks but bad English. 1767Fordyce Serm. Yng. Wom. I. i. 25 They learn..to speak bad French. 1845Kinglake Eothen viii. 137, I secretly smiled at this last prophecy as a ‘bad shot.’ 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 110 Some bad translations of Bossuet's works. Mod. slang, Oh! that's very bad form!
3. Law. Not valid.
1883Sir W. Brett Law Rep. XI. Queen's B. 561 The claim is bad. 1884Law Times Rep. 12 Apr. 194/1 Such a defence was bad..and could not be sustained.
4. a. Lacking good or favourable qualities; unfortunate, unfavourable; that one does not like.
1393Gower Conf. I. 88 They despise The good fortune as the badde. c1425in E.E.P. (1862) 139 My chawnce ys bad, I trow that fortune be my fo. 1602Warner Alb. Eng. xii. lxxii. 298 He shall participate my best, that must my badder plight. 1664H. More Myst. Iniq. 540 It will bring in a Principle of badder consequence. 1671Milton P.R. iv. 1 Perplexed and troubled at his bad success. 1751Jortin Serm. (1771) IV. i. 23 This is humility, but it is so only in a bad sense. 1883Manch. Exam. 20 Nov. 5/5 A bad pre-eminence as the hotbeds of pulmonary diseases.
b. Possessing an abundance of favourable qualities; of a musical performance or player: going to the limits of free improvisation; of a lover: extravagantly loving. slang (orig. and chiefly U.S., esp. Jazz and Black English).
1928R. Fisher Walls of Jericho xvi. 182 This crack army o' Joshua's..walk around, blowin' horns... The way they blow on them is too bad. 1955L. Feather Encycl. Jazz x. 345 Bad, adj. Good. (This reverse adjectival procedure is commonly used to describe a performance.) 1959N.Y. Times 15 Nov. ii. 2 Jazzmen often call a thing ‘terrible’ or ‘bad’ when they like it very much. 1971Black World Apr. 87, I say read these poets of the Seventies. They got something bad to say. 1977B. Garfield Recoil ii. 30 ‘We had all kinds of activities..that's a bad place.’ ‘When ‘bad’ comes to mean the spectacularly good, I wonder what that tells us about ourselves?’ 1980Time 16 June 49 Adds longtime Fan Carolyn Collins: ‘Oh man, I don't think he's changed. He got quiet for a while but he's still cool-blooded. He's still bad.’ Bad as the best and as cool as they come, Smokey is remarkably low key for a soul master.
II. In a positive sense: Evil, ill, noxious.
5. Morally depraved; immoral, wicked, vicious.
(The first quot. may have sense 1: ‘wretched caitiffs.’)
a1300Cursor M. 1801 Þai greued þan þaa caitiues badd. 1393Gower Conf. I. 196 One Thelous..whiche al was bad; A fals knight. c1440Promp. Parv. 20/2 Bad, or wykyde, Malus. 1599Sandys Europæ Spec. (1632) 125 The baddest man among the Cardinalls is chosen to be Pope. 1609Bell Theoph. & Remig. 2 Badder life and wickeder dealing was neuer more frequent. 1767Fordyce Serm. Yng. Wom. II. viii. 13 Young people..are often corrupted by bad books. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 50 Discreet counsellors implored the royal brothers not to countenance this bad man.
6. Causing inconvenience, displeasure, or pain; unpleasant, offensive, disagreeable; troublesome, painful. bad blood: harsh, angry feeling.
1515Barclay Eclogues, Bad is the colour, the savor badder is. 1622R. Hawkins Voy. S. Sea 54 The..bad entreatie which the negros gave them. 1794Nelson in Nicolas Disp. I. 412 Had not the weather been so bad. 1825Bro. Jonathan I. 74 If there be any bad blood in a fellow, he will show it. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. 38 The old soldiers of James were generally in a very bad temper. 1869Hazlitt Eng. Prov., Bad words make a woman worse. 1873Skeat in Piers Pl. (C.) Pref. 32, It is too bad to suppose that, etc.
7. Causing injury to health; injurious, hurtful, noxious, dangerous, pernicious. Const. for.
1653A. Wilson Jas. I Pref. 4 To remove the accrescion of bad Humours. a1719Addison (J.) Reading was bad for his eyes. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. 723 He had just had a bad fall in hunting. 1861F. Nightingale Nursing 56 The old four-post bed with curtains is bad, whether for sick or well.
8. In ill health, suffering from disease or injury, in pain.
1748Richardson Clarissa (1811) IV. 259 Still very bad with my Gout. 1763Mrs. Harris in Priv. Lett. 1st Ld. Malmesbury I. 90 She was so bad yesterday that she could not open her mouth. 1840R. Dana Bef. the Mast xxxii. 122 One of our watch was laid up..by a bad hand.
B. quasi-n.
1. a. absol. That which is bad; bad condition, quality, etc.
1591Shakes. Two Gent. ii. vi. 13 T'exchange the bad for better. 1670G. H. Hist. Cardinals ii. iii. 182 A capacity of penetrating into the good and bad of an affair. 1816Wordsw. Sonn. Liberty ii. xlvi, So bad proceeded propagating worse.
b. to the bad: (a) to a bad condition, to ruin; (b) to the wrong side of the account, in deficit.
1816‘Quiz’ Grand Master viii. 25 I've really to the bad Some thousand of rupees to add. 1864T. Trollope Lindisf. Chase I. 46 [He] went, as the common saying expressively phrases it—to the bad. 1884Pall Mall G. 6 Feb. 4 He was between {pstlg}70 and {pstlg}80 to the bad.
c. in bad: out of favour (with, etc.), in bad odour. colloq. (orig. U.S.).
1911San Francisco Examiner 12 June 10 You'll be on the stand today—now we're in bad if you let out anything. 1915Wodehouse Psmith, Journalist iv. 26 Any time you're in bad. Glad to be of service. 1920― Coming of Bill ii. xiv. 236, I guess this has put me in pretty bad with Mamie. 1923E. Wallace Missing Million xiii. 109 You're never satisfied till you get a man in bad. 1944L. A. G. Strong Director 63 I'm in bad with your father for the minute. 1953K. Amis Lucky Jim v. 57 This ought to put me nicely in bad with the Neddies.
2. n. (with pl.) A bad thing, quality, etc.; rarely, a bad person. (Not in ordinary speech.)
1592Lyly Mydas v. ii. 57 An inventorie of all Motto's moveable baddes and goods. 1586Warner Alb. Eng. iii. xiv. 65 That of two bads, for betters choyse he backe againe did goe. 1602Ibid. x. lvii. (1612) 252 For Popes be impudent, and bads their blessings neuer mis. 1869Ruskin Q. of Air §125 But, as there is this true relation between money and ‘goods,’ or good things, so there is a false relation between money and ‘bads,’ or bad things.
C. quasi-adv.
a. = badly. Now chiefly U.S.
1611H. Broughton Require Agreem. 78 Our minde holdeth all badder then we can speake. 1681Glanvill Sadducismus ii. Pref., Haunted almost as bad as Mr. Mompesson's house. 1806in Charges agst. the Duke of York (1809) 413 The Regt he is in did their exercise so bad that the Duke swore at them. 1816U. Brown Jrnl. in Maryland Hist. Mag. (1915) X. 273 Land of not much account, farm'd bad. 1846J. J. Hooper Adv. Simon Suggs vii. 94 ‘Pshaw!’ said Suggs, ‘you aint bad hurt.’ 1848Thackeray Van. Fair liv. 483 I didn't do my duty with the regiment so bad. 1854S. Hale Lett. (1919) 7 The children..during that time act as bad as they can! 1870Trans. Ill. State Agric. Soc. VIII. 238 This speaks bad for our application of the art. 1888Daily Inter-Ocean 9 Mar. (Farmer), As the case now stands, the defense want Myers, and want him bad. 1895‘Rosemary’ Under Chilterns iii. 92 Las' week there was a job doin' up at the squire's, an' I wanted to go bad. 1901M. E. Ryan That Girl Montana 3 There is one thing I want in this world, and want bad. 1938M. K. Rawlings Yearling iii. 26 The meat's bad tore up. Ibid. iv. 39 She's bad hurt.
b. bad off: badly off; in a bad or poor condition or circumstances; esp. = poor a. 1 a. U.S. dial.
1815Humphreys Yankee in Eng. 77 Bad as I am off, I wouldn't swop conditions. 1817U. Brown Jrnl. in Maryland Hist. Mag. (1916) XI. 371 Land full of Lime Stone..bad off for Timber and Water. 1879Tourgée Fool's Err. xxix. 179, I told him how bad off I was. 1934L. Hellman Children's Hour (1937) iii. 121, I only came cause she's so bad off.
D. Comb., as bad-blooded, bad-boding, bad-hearted, bad-looker, bad-looking, bad-tempered, bad-weather.
1928A. Huxley Point Counter Point vii. 115 Insolent, *bad-blooded young cub!
1594Greene Fr. Bacon (1861) 171 Fond Ate, doomer of *bad-boding fates.
1594Shakes. Rich. III, iv. iv. 122 Bett'ring thy losse, makes the *bad causer worse.
1827Scott in Lockhart Life (1839) IX. 128 He was generous and far from *bad-hearted.
1930E. Waugh Vile Bodies ii. 21 Not a *bad-looker herself, if it comes to that.
1863M. L. Whately Ragged Life vii. 55 They were not a *bad-looking circle. 1914G. B. Shaw Pygmalion (1916) iv, Youre not bad-looking: it's quite a pleasure to look at you sometimes.
1879Roget Thesaurus (new ed.) §901 Irascible; *bad-, ill-tempered. 1922Joyce Ulysses 218 Virtuous: but occasionally they were also bad-tempered.
1883Man. Seamanship for Boys' Training Ships 48 Q. What are storm trysails? A. *Bad weather sails, fitted similar to other gaff sails. 1897Daily News 15 Oct. 5/1 There are..some redeeming features even in cyclonic or bad weather systems. 1936J. Deschin New Ways in Photogr. ii. 29 Bad-weather photography requires more zeal on the part of the hobbyist.
▸ bad guy n. colloq. (orig. U.S.) (usu. with the) a villain or enemy, esp. in a film or other work of fiction (in explicit or implicit contrast with good guy n. at good adj. and adv. and n. Additions).
1932Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald 16 Jan. 12/1 There's the routine story about the *bad guys and the good guys and the horse that jumps Devil's Gulch and all the rest of it. 1961J. Baar & W. E. Howard Combat Missileman viii. 69 The Russians and the Communist block were the ‘bad guys’. 1973E. Bullins Theme is Blackness 174 No, of course I don't think you're the bad guy. 2004P. Biskind Down & Dirty Pictures Pref. 1 The bad guys will cap the good guys, but in Hollywood they do it with a certain degree of finesse.
▸ bad hair day n. colloq. (orig. U.S.) a day on which one's hair is particularly unmanageable; (also in extended use) a day on which everything seems to go wrong; a period (not necessarily a day) in which one feels unusually agitated, dissatisfied, or self-conscious, esp. about one's appearance or performance.
1988Press Democrat (Santa Rosa, Calif.) 24 July d1/5 Even those who emerge from the sea to casually braid their shiny wet vines into a thick coil with a hibiscus on the end also have *bad-hair days. But let us not waste our pity on them... Let us mourn for the common types with skimpy hair who deserve tantrums. 1991US 24 Jan. 12/2 Dining on tacos and sundaes, Gary Shandling revealed he can't live with ‘having a bad hair day’. 1992Orlando Sentinel Tribune (Nexis) 22 June d1 Producer David Jacobs..must have been having a very bad hair day when he put his name on the dreary new crime series Bodies of Evidence. 1995Guardian 11 Feb. (Guide section) 98, I apologise for all the hostility, but I think you'll understand. I'm having a bad hair day. 1997Vanity Fair June 32 (advt.) The anti-residue shampoo that will end your bad hair days. 2001News & Observer (Raleigh, N. Carolina) 10 Jan. b1 His life has been one bad hair day after another. Now his money's gone, people are saying terrible things about him, and he's on the dole for legal help.
▸ bad trip n. colloq. (orig. U.S.) a bad or distressing (psychological) experience caused by taking a hallucinogenic drug (esp. LSD), often involving extreme fear or anxiety, disorientation, etc. (also in extended use).
1966Life 25 Mar. 30 c/1 A *bad trip—a sudden vision of horror or death which often grips LSD users when they take it without proper mental preparation. 1968T. Leary Politics of Ecstacy viii. 166 The Western world has been on a bad trip, a 400-year bummer. 1988Newsday (Nexis) 30 Nov. 4 Marriage was a bad trip. I was in hell. 1994D. Rushkoff Cyberia iii. x. 141 Mark had a really, really bad trip. 2000J. Mann Murder, Magic, & Med. (rev. ed.) iii. 100 [These] episodes..resemble the schizophrenic state, and there have been numerous fatalities associated with such ‘bad trips’.
▪ II. † bad, badde, n. Obs. rare.
? A cat.
c1350Alexander (ed. Stevenson) 1763 As ratons or ruȝe myse in a rowme chambre, About in beddis or in bernys, þare baddis [v.r. baddez] ere nane. [Cf. Halliwell, ‘Bad, A rural game played with a bad-stick... It probably resembled the game of cat.’ Cf. also Sc. badrans, Baudrons.]
▪ III. bad, badd
obs. forms of bade, bode. |