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▪ I. atmosphere, n.|ˈætməsfɪə(r)|
Also 7 -sphære, -sphear.
[ad. mod.L. atmosphæra, f. Gr. ἀτµό-ς vapour + σϕαῖρα ball, sphere.]
1. a. The spheroidal gaseous envelope surrounding any of the heavenly bodies. b. esp. The mass of aeriform fluid surrounding the earth; the whole body of terrestrial air.
The name was invented for the ring or orb of vapour or ‘vaporous air’ supposed to be exhaled from the body of a planet, and so to be part of it, which the air itself was not considered to be; it was extended to the portion of surrounding air occupied by this, or supposed to be in any way ‘within the sphere of the activity’ of the planet (Phillips 1696); and finally, with the progress of science, to the supposed limited aeriform environment of the earth or other planetary or stellar body. (It is curious that the first mention of an atmosphere is in connexion with the Moon, now believed to have none.)
1638Wilkins New World i. x. (1707) 76 There is an Atmosphæra, or an Orb of Gross, Vaporous Air immediately encompassing the Body of the Moon. 1677Plot Oxfordsh. 4 That subtile Body that immediately incompasses the Earth, and is filled with all manner of exhalations, and from thence commonly known by the name of the Atmosphere. 1692Bentley Boyle Lect. 208 The sun and planets and their atmospheres. 1751Chambers Cycl. s.v., Among some of the more accurate writers, the atmosphere is restrained to that part of the air next the earth, which receives vapours and exhalations; and is terminated by the refraction of the sun's light. 1867E. Denison Astron. without Math. 56 The earth's atmosphere decreases so rapidly in density, that half its mass is within 3½ miles above the sea; and at 80 miles high there can be practically no atmosphere. 1881Stokes in Nature No. 625. 597 In the solar atmosphere there is a cooling from above.
2. transf. A gaseous envelope surrounding any substance.
1863Watts Dict. Chem. I. 431 Thus we speak of the atmosphere of oxygen which spongy platinum attracts to its surface, or of the reduction of a metal in an atmosphere of hydrogen. 1876Tait Rec. Adv. Phys. Sc. xiii. 321, I shall simply put this atmosphere of coal gas..outside the bulb.
3.
†a. A supposed outer envelope of effective influence surrounding various bodies; esp. electrical atmosphere, that surrounding electrified bodies (obs.).
b. magnetic atmosphere, the sphere within which the attractive force of the magnet acts.
1668Phil. Trans. III. 851 Notes and Trials about the Atmospheres of Consistent Bodies. 1727–51Chambers Cycl., Atmosphere of Solid or Consistent Bodies, is a kind of sphere formed by the effluvia, or minute corpuscles, emitted from them. 1750Franklin Lett. Wks. 1840 V. 228 The additional quantity [of electrical fluid] does not enter, but forms an electrical atmosphere.
4. a. fig. Surrounding mental or moral element, environment. Also, prevailing psychological climate; pervading tone or mood; characteristic mental or moral environment; fascinating or beguiling associations or effects.
1797–1803Foster in Life & Corr. (1846) I. 163 An extensive atmosphere of Consciousness. 1817Coleridge Biog. Lit. I. iv. 84 The original gift of spreading the tone, the atmosphere, and with it the depth and height of the ideal world around forms, incidents. 1828Scott F.M. Perth ii. (1878) 36 He lives in a perfect atmosphere of strife, blood, and quarrels. 1854W. C. Roscoe in Prospective Rev. X. 398 [Shakespeare] leaves his meaning to rest in great measure on the atmosphere that hangs about his language, rather than on its dictionary meaning and grammatical construction. 1859Mill Liberty 116 Genius can only breathe freely in an atmosphere of freedom. 1869M. Arnold in Cornhill Mag. Nov. 600 Being in love changes for the time a man's spiritual atmosphere. 1884[see effect n. 3 b]. 1884‘Vernon Lee’ Euphorion I. 27 Their intellectual atmosphere was as clear as our own. a1902S. Butler Way of all Flesh (1903) vi. 27 Genial mental atmosphere. 1922G. Santayana Solil. in England ix. 30 What governs the Englishman is his inner atmosphere, the weather in his soul. 1923H. G. Baynes tr. Jung's Psychol. Types v. 230 The religion of the last two thousand years..has, thereby, created an atmosphere which remains wholly uninfluenced by any intellectual disavowal. 1923Wodehouse Inimit. Jeeves xii. 130, I never know, when I'm telling a story, whether to cut the thing down to plain facts or whether to..shove in a lot of atmosphere. 1934L. Sieveking Stuff of Radio i. ix. 90 Together the music of the orchestra, the aeroplane and sea sounds, and the dialogue of the three men, created genuine ‘atmosphere’, evoked emotion. 1948J. R. Sutherland Pref. 18th c. Poetry i. 1 Hobbes and Locke..were subjecting the intellectual atmosphere to a sort of air-conditioning process.
b. spec. Applied to the background sounds that evoke a particular mood, impression, setting, etc., in a broadcast programme, etc. Also attrib.
1941B.B.C. Gloss. Broadc. Terms 4 Atmosphere, sounds forming the acoustic background incidental to an event such as a race meeting, procession, etc. Hence atmosphere microphone, microphone specially placed to pick up such sounds. 1961K. Reisz Technique Film Editing (ed. 9) ii. 186 The sound editor can do little more than choose a piece of accompanying atmosphere music from his library. 1962A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio ii. 42 A record of courtroom ‘atmosphere’ completed the picture by providing an occasional cough or shuffling noise. Ibid. viii. 141 At this point, in order to maintain the fullest continuity, we can do a crossfade which keeps the atmosphere running throughout the pause.
5. The air in any particular place, esp. as affected in its condition by heat, cold, purifying or contaminating influences, etc.; = air n. 4.
1767Fordyce Serm. Yng. Wom. I. vi. 239 The suffocating atmosphere of..a small apartment. 1858Hawthorne Fr. & It. Jrnls. I. 126 No amount of blaze would raise the atmosphere of the room ten degrees.
6. A pressure of 15 lbs. on the square inch, which is that exerted by the atmosphere on the earth's surface.
1830Lyell Princ. Geol. I. 396 Congealed under the pressure of many hundred, or many thousand atmospheres. 1881Lubbock in Nature No. 618. 411 Hydrogen was liquefied by Pictet under a pressure of 650 atmospheres.
7. Comb. atmosphereful n. (cf. bucketful); atmosphereless a., without an atmosphere.
1879Black Macleod of D. xxiii, A whole atmosphereful of pheasants. 1858J. Bennet Nutrition iii. 75 Our cold satellite, the atmosphereless moon.
▪ II. ˈatmosphere, v.
[f. prec. n.]
To surround like, or as with, an atmosphere.
1881Palgrave Vis. Eng. 197 The deep uneasy lurid gloom That atmosphered usurping sway. 1882W. C. Smith in Gd. Words 103 Hunter's religious convictions..were atmosphered in a fine spirit of reverence. |