| 释义 |
predestination|prɪdɛstɪˈneɪʃən|
[ad. late L. prædestinātiōn-em (Augustine), n. of action f. prædestināre to predestine: see -ation. So F. prédestination (12th c. in Hatz.-Darm.).]
The action of predestinating, or fact of being predestinated; the ordaining or determination of events before they come to pass; pre-appointment by, or in the way of, fate or destiny; foreordination.
1. Theol., etc. The action by which God is held to have immutably determined all (or some particular) events by an eternal decree or purpose.
‘Predestination is a theological term, sometimes used with greater latitude to denote the decree or purpose of God by which He has from eternity immutably determined whatever comes to pass; sometimes more strictly to denote the decree by which men are destined to everlasting happiness or misery; and sometimes with excessive strictness to denote only predestination to life or election’ (Marcus Dods in Encycl. Brit. (1885) XIX. 668/1).
a. The action of God (held by Christians generally) in foreordaining or appointing from all eternity certain of mankind through grace to salvation and eternal life. (In this sense = election, and opposed to reprobation.)
a1340Hampole Psalter civ. 10, I gif heuen in heritage til anly þa þat ere takyne wiþ þe strenge of predestinacioun of god. c1380Wyclif Sel. Wks III. 134 Þese two glues, of predestinacioun and of prescience of God, joynen þese two bodies. 1401Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 82 But his predestinacion may onlich save soulis, and his prevy presciens may dampne whom him list. 1562Articles of Religion xvii, Of Predestination and Election. 1577J. Northbrooke Dicing (1843) 23 It is a most sure signe and token of our predestination, glad and willingly to heare the worde of God. 1579W. Wilkinson Confut. Familye of Loue, Brief Descr., The most blessed and comfortable doctrine of Predestination. 1850Bp. Browne Exp. 39 Art. xvii. (1878) 404 The Gallican clergy state, that their own belief had hitherto been that God's predestination was founded on prevision of faith. 1875Manning Mission H. Ghost i. 11 Do not misunderstand me..as if that predestination of God in any way conflicts with the perfect freedom of the human will. 1887E. S. Ffoulkes Predestination in Dict. Chr. Biog. IV. 466/1 Predestination is but another word for election,..carried out in instalments on earth, but registered in the archives of heaven in advance. 1901B. J. Kidd 39 Articles II. ii. xvii. 157 The tenet of particular redemption, which held that God's predestination had reference not to mankind at large, but to this and that particular individual.
b. The action of God (insisted upon in some systems of doctrine, esp. those associated with the names of St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas, and Calvin), in foreordaining the future lot and fate of all mankind in this life and after death (including their salvation or perdition); and, generally, His foreordaining of whatsoever comes to pass. In this sense also a doctrine of orthodox Islam.
Sometimes called duple or duplex predestination. But as to the use of the word for foreordaining to reprobation, see Note under predestinate v. 1 b.
c1374Chaucer Boeth. iv. pr. vi. 104 (Camb. MS.) To maken questions of..the ordyr of destine..predestinacion diuine and of the lyberte of fre wille. 1387–8T. Usk Test. Love iii. ix. (Skeat) l. 8 Though predestinacion be as wel of good as of badde. 1509Hawes Past. Pleas. xxvii. (Percy Soc.) 123 For many one..lytell thought that tribulacion To them was ordeyned by predestinacion. 1563–87Foxe A. & M. (1684) III. 292 Between Predestination and Election, this difference there is; Predestination is as well to the reprobate, as to the Elect. Election pertaineth only to them that be saved. Predestination, in that it respecteth the Reprobate, is called Reprobation: in that it respecteth the saved, is called Election. 1645Ussher Body Div. (1647) 91 What is Predestination? It is the speciall decree of God, whereby he hath..fore-ordained all reasonable creatures to a certain and everlasting estate of glory in heaven, or flame in hell. 1673Milton True Relig. Wks. 1851 V. 409 The Calvinist is taxt with Predestination, and to make God the Author of Sin; not with any dishonourable thought of God, but it may be overzealously asserting his absolute power. 1689–90Temple Ess. Heroic Virtue Wks. 1731 I. 22 The Saracens..were animated by another Spirit, which was the Mahometan Persuasion of Predestination. 1755Jortin Diss. ii. 29 note, Our King James the first made an edict, that no divine, under the dignity of a bishop or a dean, should presume to preach upon the profound mysteries of Predestination. 1882W. H. Fremantle in Dict. Chr. Biog. III. 46/2 (Hieronymus) He [Jerome] reduces predestination to God's foreknowledge of human determination. 1885M. Dods in Encycl. Brit. XIX. 668/2 In Islam..the orthodox doctrine is thus stated by Al-Berkevi. ‘It is necessary to confess that good and evil take place by the predestination and predetermination of God, that all that has been and all that will be was decreed in eternity and written on the preserved table. Ibid. 669/1 The doctrine of predestination was first formulated in the church by Augustine.
c. In reference to a similar doctrine in certain philosophies (not necessarily implying Divine action).
1858R. A. Vaughan Ess. & Rem. I. 33 The gloomy fate of Aeschylus, and the predestination of the Stoics, were repugnant to a heart of such a temperament.
2. In lighter or more general sense: Previous determination or appointment; fate, destiny. Cf. predestine 1 b.
1631E. Jorden Nat. Bathes xii. (1669) 104 A natural necessity, or fatum, or predestination, that frames every member and part of the body to the best use for the creature. 1779–81Johnson L.P., Pope Wks. IV. 73 A kind of moral predestination, or over-ruling principle which cannot be resisted. 1901Sir W. Harcourt in Daily Chron. 11 July 5/6 It is what you may call political predestination, and it appears to me that it indicates a satisfactory condition of things, because by the law of Nature we younger sons are in the majority.
Hence predestiˈnationism, belief in predestination or the system of thought it entails; predestiˈnationist (rare) = predestinarian A. So † preˈdestinatist (Obs. rare).
1630G. Widdowes Schysmatical Puritan Pref., The Presuming Predestinatist is he, whose purenes is an inspired knowledge, that hee shalbe saved by Gods absolute election. 1894Maskelyne Sharps & Flats iii. 59 There is no such thing as chance, says the predestinationist. 1901G. H. Howison Let. 21 July in R. B. Perry Tht. & Char. W. James (1935) II. 221 Of course I don't reconcile predestinationism and capricious free-will. 1937Mind XLVI. 287 The unsatisfactory answer offered by Leibniz to readers frightened by his Predestinationism. |