| 释义 |
polyvinyl|pɒlɪˈvaɪnɪl, -ˈvaɪnaɪl|
[f. poly- + vinyl.]
a. Used attrib. in the names of polymeric substances derived from vinyl compounds, as polyvinyl acetal, any of a class of synthetic resins prepared by condensing polyvinyl alcohol with an aldehyde (sometimes spec. acetaldehyde), and mainly used, esp. polyvinyl butyral (see below), in safety glass and in lacquers and paints; polyvinyl acetate, a fairly soft plastic having the structure {b1}[CH2{b1}CH(O·CO·CH3)]n{b1}, which is made by polymerizing vinyl acetate and is used chiefly in paints and adhesives; abbrev. PVA (s.v. P II. d); polyvinyl alcohol, any of a series of polymers consisting wholly or largely of the repeating unit {b1}[CH2{b1}CHOH]{b1} which are prepared by hydrolysis of polyvinyl esters and have a wide range of uses, e.g. as emulsifiers, adhesives, coatings, films, and fibres; abbrev. PVA (s.v. P II. d); polyvinyl butyral, the most widely used of the polyvinyl acetals (see above), which is prepared from butyraldehyde; polyvinyl chloride, any of various thermoplastics consisting of or made from a polymer having the structure {b1}[CH2{b1}CHCl]n{b1} and made by polymerizing vinyl chloride, which are produced in a wide variety of rigid and plasticized forms and are characterized esp. by their toughness, chemical inertness, and electrical resistivity; abbrev. PVC (s.v. P II. d); polyvinyl pyrrolidone, a water-soluble polymer of vinyl pyrrolidone which is physiologically harmless and has a great variety of applications, esp. in solution, e.g. as a synthetic blood plasma substitute, as a thickening, suspending, or binding agent in the cosmetic, drug, and food processing industries, and in fibres and films; abbrev. PVP (s.v. P II. d).
All these often occur as single words.
1933Industr. & Engin. Chem. Feb. 129/1 The structure of polyvinyl acetal. 1944[see phenolic a. b]. 1973Materials & Technol. VI. viii. 552 The use of polyvinyl butyral for making safety glass was patented in 1938 and this has since become one of the most important applications, certainly in America. The next important consumer of polyvinyl acetals is the lacquer and paint industry (for wash-primers).
1927Brit. Chem. Abstr. A. 1051/2 Hydrolysis of polyvinyl acetate yields polyvinyl alcohol which resembles starch in its insolubility in organic media. 1958W. M. Smith Vinyl Resins i. 19 Polyvinyl acetate emulsions as a replacement for conventional grain starch are stated to withstand as many as 15 launderings. 1967W. Gaunt Compan. Painting ii. 85 Some modern artists have..found congenial qualities in such synthetic paints as ripolin and polyvinyl acetate. 1972Homes & Gardens Mar. 106/2 In their infancy, emulsion paints were regarded with some suspicion, partly because early ones, based on a polyvinylacetate (pva) medium, tended to become brittle and flake off.
1927Polyvinyl alcohol [see polyvinyl acetate above]. 1962J. T. Marsh Self-Smoothing Fabrics x. 133 There are occasions where a slightly stiff finish is required and polyvinyl alcohol is a popular choice of additive in this connection. 1971D. Potter Brit. Eliz. Stamps vi. 68 A synthetic adhesive was invented. Completely non-toxic, colourless, odourless and tasteless, it is known as Polyvinyl Alcohol, and familiarly named pva by philatelists. 1973Materials & Technol. VI. viii. 548 The usual method of preparing polyvinyl alcohol is by the hydrolysis of a polyvinyl ester, generally polyvinyl acetate.
1943Industr. & Engin. Chem. Feb. 175/2 In polyvinyl butyral resin..certain fillers appear to have reinforcing action. 1955Sci. News Let. 16 Apr. 247/1 Adhesives for bonding two pieces of glass together are best made of polyvinyl-butyral resin mixed with modified phenol. 1973Polyvinyl butyral [see polyvinyl acetal above].
1933Industr. & Engin. Chem. Feb. 129/1 Co-polymerization of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate gives a better resin than the mere admixture of polyvinyl chloride and polyvinyl acetate. 1937Chem. Abstr. XXXI. 6434 A mixt. of water with polyvinyl⁓chloride..is used for coating glass plates and is dried upon them, and then the coated plates are united by the action of heat and pressure. 1945Electronic Engin. XVI. 499/3 Plastic sleeving of the polyvinylchloride type is the real answer to all these problems. 1958Engineering 7 Mar. 294/2 The folding top is in leather-cloth, coated with polyvinyl chloride. 1976Nature 3 June 409/1 Each trough held 50 oysters on a false bottom consisting of polyethylene grids resting on polyvinylchloride pipe.
1945Chem. Abstr. XXXIX. 5408 Such solns. [i.e. blood plasma substitutes] are prepared by adding polyvinylpyrrolidone..to a physiol. salt soln. 1957Financial Times Ann. Rev. Brit. Industry 86/3 Experiments have shown that polyvinyl pyrrolidone..used as a blood thickener can be readily broken down..to..the most useful molecular size for medical use. 1974M. C. Gerald Pharmacol. ix. 164 The plasma substitutes, dextran and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), are also histamine releasers.
b. Any of the plastics or synthetic resins made by polymerizing a compound containing the vinyl group, CH2{b2}CH{b1}; applied esp. to those derived from a compound usu. designated as vinyl (see prec. sense), but sometimes extended to include polyvinylidenes, polystyrene, etc. Freq. attrib.
1933Industr. & Engin. Chem. Feb. 129/1 To render the normal polyvinyl resin more water-resistant, it is converted partly or wholly to the acetal by reaction with an aldehyde, usually formaldehyde or acetaldehyde. 1937Brit. Plastics IX. 172/1 Vinyl esters of both inorganic and organic acids are well known..raw materials for conversion to polyvinyls. 1940‘Plastes’ Plastics in Industry ii. 15 More recently polyvinyl plastics have been employed as floorcloth, long-playing phonograph records, [etc.]. Ibid., An interesting series of thermo-plastics which resemble the polyvinyls closely. 1946Nature 16 Nov. 689/2 The use of methacrylate esters and the various polyvinyls is increasing in these fields [sc. arts and crafts]. 1963[see polyvinylidene b]. 1966Punch 26 Jan. 116/3 Palpitations on finding sleek strangers at the front door in answer to my inquiry about polyvinyl tiling. 1969R. Mayer Dict. Art Terms & Techniques 422/2 Few of the vinyl products are practicable for use in artists' materials... One exception is a polyvinyl isolating varnish containing isopropyl alcohol that thins with alcohol. |