| 释义 |
mixture|ˈmɪkstjʊə(r), -tʃə(r)|
Also 6 myxture, mixtur.
[ad. L. mixtūra (also mistūra), f. mixt- (mist-), ppl. stem of miscēre: see mix v. Cf. OF. mesture, misture, F. mixture, It., Pg. mistura, Sp. mistura, mixtura, G. mixtur.]
1. a. The action, process, or fact of mixing (in the intransitive senses of the vb.) or becoming mixed; also, an instance of this.
1530Palsgr. 420/1, I allaye, as mettals be alayde or as sylver or golde is with their myxture, je attrempe. 1587Golding De Mornay (1592) 144 Or y⊇ mixtur of the elements. 1594Hooker Eccl. Pol. i. iii. §2 If the Moone should wander from her beaten way, the times and seasons of the yeare blend themselues by disordered and confused mixture. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 62 That mixtures in garments, seedes, and the like, were forbidden by the Law of Moses. Ibid. 76 This river..passeth through the Lake Thonitis without mixture of waters by reason of this swiftnesse. 1727–41Chambers Cycl., Mixture, in matters of drapery, denotes the union, or blending of several wools of different colours, not yet spun. 1731Arbuthnot Aliments (1735) 22 When those Liquors are expell'd out of the Body, which by their mixture convert the Aliment into an Animal Liquid. 1842A. Combe Physiol. Digestion (ed. 4) 228 Mixtures of different kinds of food are strongly condemned by almost all writers on dietetics, as injurious to digestion. 1860Tyndall Glac. ii. v. 250 From the intimate mixture of air and water we obtain foam. 1872Bagehot Physics & Pol. ii. 69 Early in history the continual mixtures by conquest were just so many experiments in mixing races as are going on in South America now. 1876Voyle & Stevenson Milit. Dict. s.v. Mixing the Ingredients, Five minutes is sufficient for a thorough mixture.
b. In the transitive sense: The action of mixing (different things). ? Obs.
1663Gerbier Counsel 11 A good Surveyour sheweth his Art..in the fit mixture of Materials, Morter [etc.].
c. Mixed state or condition; coexistence of different ingredients or of different groups or classes of things mutually diffused through each other.
1597Hooker Ecl. Pol. v. xlvii. §4 O happie mixture, wherein things contrary do so qualifie and correct the one the daunger of the others excesse. 1615Crooke Body of Man Pref. 1 A Discourse of the constitution of mans body, as he enioyeth a perfect or apportionated health by a due Mixture of the principles whereof he consisteth; of the Temperament of each part arising from that mixture. 1712–13Swift Jrnl. to Stella 23 Jan., There was a mixture of company.
†d. Mixed nature, complexity. Obs.
1614Raleigh Hist. World Pref. 1 How unfit, and unworthy a choice I made of my self, to undertake a work of this mixture, mine own reason..hath sufficiently resolved me.
†e. Sexual intercourse. Cf. mix v. 4 b. Obs.
[Cf.1483Mixtion 1 b.] 1604Dekker 1st Pt. Hon. Wh. vi. Wks. 1873 II. 38 Bellafronte [a Courtesan]..For whose true love I would..Hate the worlds mixtures, and the smiles of gold. 1615Chapman Odyss. viii. 382 The Sunne their mixture saw; and came, and told. 1632Milton Penseroso 26 Thee [sc. Melancholy] bright-hair'd Vesta long of yore, To solitary Saturn bore; His daughter she (in Saturns raign, Such mixture was not held a stain). 1659Hammond On Ps. xix. 9 The dread of offending God keeps the man from all impure mixtures. 1697Potter Antiq. Greece i. ii. (1715) 8 Promiscuous Mixtures had been allowed of amongst them. 1703–12Pope Thebais i. 96, I..With monstrous mixture stain'd my mother's bed.
f. The mixing or blending of different races in common offspring.
1842Prichard Nat. Hist. Man 20 The tribe of people, termed..Cafusos..are known to have sprung originally from a mixture of native Americans with the Negroes imported from Africa. 1845Youatt Dog iv. (1858) 155 The shock-dog is traced by Buffon..to a mixture of the small Danish dog and the pug.
†g. The fact of ‘mixing’ socially with others, association. Obs.
1764J. Smith in F. Chase Hist. Dartmouth Coll. (1891) I. 26 He intended..to send his son to obtain his education in mixture with these Indians.
2. concr. A product of mixing; a complex unity or aggregate (material or immaterial) composed of various ingredients or constituent parts mixed together.
a. With the components specified (const. of) or implied by the context.
1460–70Bk. Quintessence i. 9 Putte all þat mixture into a strong watir maad of vitriol and of sal petre, and þe siluyr wole be dissolued. 1582N. T. (Rhem.) John xix. 39 Bringing a mixture of myrrhe and aloes. 1612Drayton Poly-olb. ii. 304 That braue youth, the splendor of whose eye A wondrous mixture shew'd of grace and maiestie. 1676Glanvill Ess. Pref. a iij b, The [seventh] Essay is a mixture of an Idæa, and a disguised History. 1702Addison Dial. Medals i. Wks. 1766 III. 9 The agreeable Mixture of shades and fountains, in which the whole country naturally abounds. 1732T. Lediard Sethos II. viii. 227 His conduct..was..a fatal mixture of weakness and temerity. 1815J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 314 A simple mixture of sand and clay. 1828Scott F. M. Perth xix, His mixture of surprise, joy, and anxiety, did not deprive him of the presence of mind which the occasion demanded. 1884W. H. Greenwood Steel & Iron ix. 186 It is always considered better to use a mixture of several brands of iron in a charge for any casting..since such mixtures are most frequently found to be stronger than the average of the several brands taken separately. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 826 The vessels may be all veins,..capillaries,..or very commonly a mixture of both. 1902T. M. Lindsay Ch. & Ministry in Early Cent. vi. 258 The sorry mixture of Paganism and Christianity which [etc.].
†b. = mixt n. 1. Obs.
1604E. G[rimstone] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies To Rdr., In the two following books, is treated of that which concernes the Elements and naturall mixtures, as Mettalls, Plants, Beasts, and what else is remarkable at the Indies. Ibid. iv. xiii. 248 We..will passe to the two other mixtures, the which are plants and beasts. 1634Milton Comus 244 Can any mortal mixture of Earths mould Breath such Divine inchanting ravishment?
3. spec. in various concrete applications.
a. A preparation for medicinal or other purposes, consisting of two or more ingredients mixed together. In Pharmacy, now applied to potions or liquid medicines, in contradistinction to pills and other solid forms in which drugs may be administered. the mixture as before: medicine to be taken in a similar dose as on a previous occasion (as a set phrase often found on medicine bottles); freq. transf. and fig., something that has already been encountered, used, etc.
1592Shakes. Rom. & Jul. iv. iii. 21 What if this mixture do not worke at all? 1604― Oth. i. iii. 104 With some Mixtures, powrefull o're the blood,..He wrought vp on her. 1695Freezing mixture [see freezing vbl. n. 2]. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), Mixture... In a Physical Sense, several Ingredients or Drugs mixt in a Medicine. 1806Med. Jrnl. XV. 513 A pint of this mixture [sc. of wine and water] was presented to him. 1831J. Davies Manual Mat. Med. 295 Antispasmodic mixtures. 1834Dickens Let. 3 Sept. (1965) I. 40, I have taken a wine-glass full of ‘the mixture as before’ twice a day, varying the amusement with an occasional pill. 1904Longm. Mag. Feb. 304, I took a sip of the horrid mixture. 1920Wodehouse Jill the Reckless (1921) viii. 120 There he sat, surrounded by happy, laughing young men, each grasping a glass of the good old mixture-as-before. 1959Listener 26 Feb. 363/1 What special or new responsibilities do these developments place upon industry? Some will say that it is the mixture as before, but in larger and more frequent doses. 1973R. Hill Ruling Passion ii. iv. 113 After ten minutes, all Pascoe had was the mixture as before.
b. A cloth of variegated or mottled fabric, usually of ‘quiet’ colouring. heather mixture, Oxford mixture: see these words.
1722De Foe Col. Jack (1840) 310 Five yards of crimsom [cloth].., and the rest of fine mixtures. 1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v., The mixture, or mixed stuff, is that whose woof and warp are of wools of different colours dyed and mixed before they were spun. 1799Hull Advertiser 12 Jan. 2/3 Woollen drapery, jeans, quiltings,..plains, mixtures. 1882Caulfeild & Saward Dict. Needlework, Mixtures, a term applied to any cloths of variegated colouring, such as Knickerbockers and Tweeds. 1885Heather-mixture [see heather 3].
attrib.1784Europ. Mag. Nov. 339/2 But amongst the other class of gentlemen are worn dark green, drab, or mixture cloths. 1837Dickens Pickw. xx, An elderly..man, in a black coat, dark mixture trousers, and small black gaiters. 1897Daily News 8 Apr. 8/5 The shot mixture canvases. 1902Daily Chron. 7 Jan. 6/3 The jacket..of a drab-mixture serge.
c. A tea, tobacco, snuff, etc. of various sorts or qualities mixed together; usually with qualifying word to indicate the variety.
1840Hill Pinch—of Snuff 32 Prince's Mixture..is nothing more than plain brown Rappee scented with otto of roses. 1872‘M. Legrand’ Cambr. Freshm. 286 I'm going in to get a canister of smoking mixture to take down with me. 1895Price List, The Foochow Mixture, specially prepared and packed from the Finest Foochow Teas.
d. In an internal-combustion engine, the mixture of vaporized or gaseous fuel with air that enters the combustion chamber to form the explosive charge.
[1848Chambers's Edin. Jrnl. 6 May 303/1 What is the moving power? The answer will be heard with surprise: the successive explosions of a mixture of gas and air in the boxes at the root of the wings, by which means they will be made to flap about twelve times a minute! The balloon..is a mere reservoir for gas. The explosion is to be effected in the four boxes by the electric spark.] 1894B. Donkin Text-Bk. Gas, Oil & Air Engines i. 6 Sometimes an auxiliary pump is used for compressing the mixture. 1914W. D. Newton War iii. 19 Brun shut off mixture, and, slowing down, he swung from the motor-cycle. 1943A. P. Fraas Aircraft Power Plants vi. 107 The power loss resulting from mixtures 10 or 20 per cent leaner than that for best power is not large as compared with the reduction in fuel consumption. 1968R. H. Bacon Car iii. 23 Modern carburettors have..cold starting devices to give very rich mixtures when starting the engine from cold. 1973J. Leasor Host of Extras i. 21 The engine..was under no stress at all, with tiny valves that let it take such delicate breaths of mixture, it never grew fussed like engines of lesser breeds.
e. Petrol to which has been added a small proportion of oil, used as a combined fuel and lubricant in some two-stroke engines; = petroil.
[1927: see petroil.] 1952Cyclemotor Manual (‘Motor Cycling’) iii. 20 Use of oil of too thick a grade may result in the mixture being too heavy to pass through the carburetter jet in sufficient quantity. 1960J. Queenborough Garage & Service Station Handbk. xv. 263 Avery-Hardoll Ltd., market the Petroiler which can deliver a choice of two mixtures; there are tanks for petrol (133/4 gallons) and two grades of oil (13/4 gallons each). 1967P. E. Irving Two-Stroke Power Units vii. 131 As the proportion of oil is for convenience fixed at one figure, usually..six per cent, it may on occasion be necessary to add a little more oil or dilute the mixture with more petrol to obtain the proportion recommended for any particular engine. 1972J. Stevens Scooter iv. 99 The first scooters had engines calling for a 6% oil content in the mixture.
4. a. In mod. physical science used with restricted meaning: The mechanical mixing of two substances as distinguished from (chemical) combination; also concr. the product of such a mixing, in contradistinction to a compound. More explicitly mechanical mixture or simple mixture, originally used in antithesis with † chemical mixture.
1797Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XII. 184/1 Chemical mixture is attended with many phenomena which are never observed in simple mixtures. 1865Brande & Cox Dict. Sci., etc., s.v. Chemistry, Artificial mixtures of oxygen and nitrogen. 1887I. Remsen Elem. Chem. i. (1897) 9 Mechanical Mixtures and Chemical Compounds.—In a mixture the substances are unchanged... In a chemical compound the substances which are in combination are completely changed. They are so intimately combined that they cannot be recognised by any ordinary means.
b. A fluid containing some foreign substance in suspension: opposed to solution.
1765Hamilton in Phil. Trans. LV. 150, I think..we may consider the transparency of a heterogeneous fluid..as the criterion of a true solution, and where that is wanting, it is only a mixture. 1875H. C. Wood Therap. (1879) 18 Mixtures are preparations in which one or more medicinal substances are held in suspension in water. Of such nature are emulsions, in which some oily material is suspended by a gummy or an albuminous body.
5. The action or an act of adding as an ingredient; the presence of a heterogeneous element in the composition of something; quasi-concr. an amount or proportion of something heterogeneous that has been added to or mixed with a thing; admixture. without mixture: unmixed, pure.
1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 40 b, Whether..these bothe sayd thynges be togyder in your soule without ony myxture of y⊇ contrary. 1529More Dyaloge i. Wks. 161/1 For when the gospell speketh of wyne onely tourned into his precious blode, what man woulde aduenture to make any mixture of water. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 59 b, Suche ministers as should preache Gods worde sincerely, without any mixture of mens traditions. 1611Bible Rev. xiv. 10 The same shall drink of the wine of the wrath of God, which is powred out without mixture into the cup of his indignation. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 96 The Earth..hath a kinde of bloodie mixture, somewhat like red waxe, the depth of three or foure cubites. 1625Bacon Ess., Truth (Arb.) 499 A mixture of a Lie doth euer adde Pleasure. 1641Baker Chron. (1653) 16 His [sc. K. Edgar's] Pious Acts were, that he built and prepared seven and forty Monasteries... But now his mixture of Vice marred all. 1658Sir T. Browne Hydriot. i. 2 Except the salt Ocean were handsomly contempered by a Mixture of the fresh Element. 1670Temple Let. to Dk. Tuscany Wks. 1731 II. 221 Such is the Composition of human Things, that nothing is pure or without Mixture. a1704B. Keach Key to open Script. Metaph. (1779) 137 Adulterating the Word of God by the Mixture of their own Fancies. 1720Hearne Collect. (O.H.S.) VII. 186 His Conversation, which was generally facetious, not without a Mixture of Satyr. 1725Watts Logic i. vi. §1 In order therefore to a clear and distinct Knowledge of things, we must uncloath them of all these Relations and Mixtures, that we may contemplate them naked, and in their own Natures. 1765A. Dickson Treat. Agric. i. xix. (ed. 2) 143 The soil in which there is a great mixture of moss. 1826Lamb Elia Ser. ii. Pop. Fallacies xiii, The good things of life are not to be had singly, but come to us with a mixture; like a schoolboy's holiday, with a task affixed to the tail of it. 1845Youatt Dog vii. (1858) 211 His bark..had a slight mixture of the howl, and there was a husky choking noise in the throat.
6. Mus. In full mixture-stop: A compound stop or furniture stop: see compound a. 2 f. and furniture 8.
1776Hawkins Hist. Mus. IV. i. x. 147 The compound stops are the..Mixture,..and sundry others. 1811Busby Dict. Mus. s.v. Stop, Mixture, or Furniture Stop. 1876Stainer & Barrett Dict. Mus. Terms, Mixture, an organ stop, consisting of several ranks of pipes to each note. 1876Mixture-stop [see furniture 8].
7. Printing. ‘Type setting that calls for the use of three or more distinct faces or faces and bodies of type’ (Cent. Dict. 1890).
1888Jacobi Printers' Vocab., Mixture, an extra charge involved on composition if three or more types are used in a work.
Hence † ˈmixture v. Obs. rare—1, refl. to mix or mingle oneself with, to associate with.
1582N. Lichefield tr. Castanheda's Conq. E. Ind. i. xvi. 40 They will mixture themselues with you and yours [Pg. orig. estar coeles de mestura]. |