| 释义 |
plus|plʌs|
[a. L. plūs more. As in the case of minus (q.v.), the quasi-prepositional sense 1 did not exist in Latin, but the words plus and minus were used by Leonardo of Pisa in 1202 for the excess and deficiency in the results of two suppositions in the Rule of Double Position.
The signs + and - are used, app. as well-known signs, in the Behende und hübsche Rechnung auf allen Kauffmannschafft of Joh. Widmann 1489 (and subseq. edd. to 1526); but while he refers to the latter as minus, the former is said to stand for mer (i.e. mehr) ‘was - ist, das ist minus, und das + ist das mer’. So far as yet collected, English examples of plus do not occur so early as those of minus.
As to the origin of the symbol +, various conjectures have been made; perhaps the most likely is that it originated in the MS. abbreviation of the L. et ‘and’ (which Leonardo always uses in his additions). Cantor Vorlesungen über Geschichte der Mathematik (1899) II. 230–1, from which these facts are mainly taken, cites, from mathematical MSS. of the beginning of the 15th c., and a non-mathematical MS. of the beginning of the 14th, a form of & = et which might easily pass into +.]
1. a. quasi-prep. Placed between two expressions of number or quantity to indicate that the second is to be added to the first. In mathematical use only as the oral rendering of the symbol +. Hence, in non-technical use: With the addition of; with{ddd}besides. (Opp. to minus 1.)
1668[see 4]. 1674Petty Disc. Dupl. Proportion 58 Four like Rowers shall move the same Vessel..12000 feet, in 1800 seconds plus 360 seconds, or in all 2160 seconds. 1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v. Character, It [+] is also the sign of addition, and is read plus, or more; thus 9 + 3 is read 9 plus 3, or 9 more 3; that is, 9 added to 3, or the sum of 9 and 3, equal to 12. 1823J. Keble Let. in G. Battiscombe John Keble (1963) iv. 71 A deaf handmaid, and a clerk-plus-gardener-plus-groom by no means dumb. 1848Mill Pol. Econ. ii. xii. §4 (1872) 224/1 Wages plus the allotment. 1850Grove Corr. Phys. Forces (ed. 2) 86 A compound of one equivalent of hydrogen plus two of oxygen. 1891Law Rep., Weekly Notes 58/1 The same sum as that stated in the balance order, plus further interest. 1922Joyce Ulysses 642 A cup of Epp's cocoa and a shakedown for the night plus the use of a rug or two and overcoat doubled into a pillow. 1961B. Fergusson Watery Maze xiv. 348 No. 1 Special Service Brigade under Lovat had one Marine and three Army Commandos, plus Lovat's personal piper. 1966Oxf. Univ. Gaz. 23 Dec. 430/1 Just a reference from one meeting of Congregation to another slightly different meeting of Congregation, plus a few alumni. 1974E. Ambler Dr Frigo iii. 190 There..was a..plane waiting plus an army scout car and a guard of soldiers. 1975N. Luard Travelling Horseman xiv. 247 That meant me plus Billy to drive me. It was a two-part job.
b. predicatively. † (a) Abundantly supplied with, containing an excess of something (obs. rare—1); (b) colloq. Having (something) in addition, having gained (opp. to minus 1 b).
1807Vancouver Agric. Devon (1813) 462 In all chalky soils, and such as are plus with the calcareous principle. 1856Kane Arct. Expl. I. xii. 132 Bonsall was minus a big toe-nail, and plus a scar upon the nose.
c. ellipt. Placed after a round number or a whole number to indicate a smaller or fractional amount more; with a positive amount added; or more, but not less. Also to indicate a slightly higher grade, as beta plus (β+). Also colloq. after other ns. to indicate with extra qualities, better than usual.
[1902: see alpha 4.] 1916A. Huxley Let. 19 Mar. (1969) 94 Beta double plus is quite adequate for language. 1927Rep. Consultative Comm. Educ. Adolescent 185 Raising the school age to 15 plus must lead either to the building of new schools or to the remodelling of existing schools. 1928Oxford Mag. 25 Oct. 40 Till the University finds some benefactor willing to give ‘{pstlg}100,000 plus’ (to use modern phraseology). a1930D. H. Lawrence Collier's Friday Night i. 20, I generally get an alpha plus. That's the highest, you know, mater. 1951Wodehouse Old Reliable x. 120 You were right in mid-season form. It was battling plus. 1958L. van der Post Lost World Kalahari vi. 104 ‘This,’ I thought before sleeping, ‘is Alpha Plus.’ 1962Listener 18 Jan. 112/2 To put forward a positive conception of coexistence—we might call it coexistence ‘plus’—which includes as its principal ingredient the central idea..of ideological coexistence. 1962Guardian 5 Dec. 6/4 Everything you could possibly want in make-up plus, for 1s 6d a time. 1966Listener 30 June 951/2 Many of these can now be walled off, but not Garrincha of Brazil, who on his day is Stanley Matthews plus. 1972J. Mosedale Football ii. 21 The $225-plus material worn by Kansas City tackle Buck Buchanan. 1973P. Moyes Curious Affair of Third Dog i. 10 The Second World War, an unbelievable thirty-plus years ago. 1978Jrnl. R. Soc. Arts CXXVI. 617/2 It will be a hundred years plus before we have a significant contribution.
d. quasi-conj. And in addition. colloq. (chiefly N. Amer.).
1968N. Giovanni in W. King Black Short Story Anthol. (1972) 26 If, on the other hand, a tom tells you to get off the streets and you don't..plus if you can encourage him in a physical way to come on over to your side, then you've made a friend. 1972C. L. Cooper in Ibid. 210 There was rain on the roof, and I was poor. Plus my mother was sick. 1973Black World Jan. 63/2 All the ladies brought pies and cakes... Plus they had coffee and tea and punch. 1974Sci. Amer. Jan. 1/1 (Advt.), Initial cost of our centerline design (WX 200) is $200K instead of the $600K of equivalent current models, plus it will deliver 100 hours MTBF (mean time between failures). 1974Maclean's Mag. Dec. 16/2 But after all is said and done, take away the football game itself from the Grey Cup and what have you got? An early start home, for one thing. Plus you save maybe $30 on tickets. 1977Ripped & Torn vi. 8/2, I was stereotyped as nothing but a drag act. Plus I was tired of doing it. 1978Daily Tel. 9 Feb. 2 (Advt.), W. H. Smith have big names at big savings. Plus you get one year manufacturer's guarantee. 1978Detroit Free Press 2 Apr. 6E/4 Plus they've added pitchers Rudy May and Ross Grimsley.
2. a. As the oral rendering of the sign + in its algebraical use to denote a positive quantity, as + x, read plus x. Hence attrib. or adj. in plus quantity, a quantity having the sign + prefixed (or not having the sign -), a positive quantity. (Only as opp. to minus 2, 2 b.)
1579[see minus 2]. 1975Times 15 Jan. 20/4 A 230-volt standard for electrical supplies throughout Europe was agreed yesterday... The new level has a tolerance of plus or minus 10 per cent.
b. Electr. (a) adv. Positively. (b) adj. Positive; positively electrified. (Opp. to minus 2 d.)
1747[see minus 2 d]. 1789Nicholson in Phil. Trans. LXXIX. 279 When the one ball was electrified plus and the other minus, the signs of both electricities appeared. If the interval was not too great, the long zig-zag spark of the plus ball struck to the strait flame of the minus ball. 1849Noad Electricity (ed. 3) 112 The small residuary charge will be plus. 1854J. Scoffern in Orr's Circ. Sc., Chem. 225 Electrified + or plus.
3. a. adj. Additional, extra.
1756T. Amory Buncle (1770) II. 79 When they are abroad, it is at a plus-expense. 1869Daily News 19 May, Somehow or other no Bill securing the tenant the plus-value added to the land by his labour and industry has yet been passed. 1891Labour Commission Gloss., Plus System, also called ‘bonus’ system, is one by which a certain proportion of wages, called ‘subsistence money’, is paid every day, and the remainder on the completion of the job or contract. This remainder is called the plus, or ‘contingent money’. 1894Westm. Gaz. 3 May 5/1 After a ship was discharged, there was generally 8s. or 9s. for the men to receive as ‘plus’ money. 1897Ibid. 18 Feb. 8/1 The disposal of the ‘plus values’, that is, surplus of the revenues assigned to the service of the debt. 1928Publishers' Weekly 30 June 2598 The material for the plus sale is always at hand in the book business. 1930Publishers' Circular 2 Aug. 163/2 The whole book business should look on the reprint business as being plus business.
b. In various games, having an adverse handicap of a number of strokes or points.
1908A. W. Myers Compl. Lawn Tennis Player 127 It will not take him long to discover the kind of decoy that will deliver the ‘plus 15.3’ men into his clutches. 1909Westm. Gaz. 8 Feb. 12/4 Supposing a plus 3 man is partnered with a steady player whose handicap is 8, the two as a foursome side would be handicapped at 5. 1922J. Cannan Misty Valley 203 Isn't it just like you to come up to the club-house..and to send a plus man in to fetch me out? 1927R. J. B. Sellar Play! 32 The newly⁓joined member..asked if they might have a game together. ‘Humph,’ growled the plus player, ‘perhaps. What's your handicap?’
c. Of superior quality; excellent of its kind.
1960Times 10 Dec. 7/6 The country was surveyed to find ‘plus trees’ (superior examples of all useful species). 1968Globe & Mail (Toronto) 17 Feb. 45 (Advt.), Living room, 15′ dining room are plus features!
4. n. in various applications.
a. The mathematical symbol +; also plus sign. Also fig. and in sense 4 d below.
b. A quantity added; something additional or extra; an addition, a gain.
c. A positive quantity (also fig.). Opp. to minus 3.
d. An advantage.
1654[see minus 3]. 1668T. Brancker Introd. Algebra 3 The Sign for Addition is + i.e. Plus, more. 1685,1708[see minus 3]. 1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v. Addition, The character of Addition is +, which we usually express by plus. [Ibid., Positive quantities are design'd by the character + prefixed to them, or supposed to be prefixed.] 1791H. Walpole Let. 26 July (1905) XV. 25 The villain Paine..is engaged in a controversy with the Abbé Sieyès, about the plus or minus of the rebellion. 1836E. Howard R. Reefer xxvi, A slate-full of plusses, minusses. 1843Mill Logic v. vii. §2 (1856) II. 396 Minus multiplied by plus gives minus, and minus multiplied by minus cannot give the same product as minus multiplied by plus. 1862Ruskin Unto this Last 131 The plus quantities, or—if I may be allowed to coin an awkward plural—the pluses, make a very positive and venerable appearance in the world. 1891Daily News 7 Jan. 3/1 Representatives of the dockers watched over their interests in the matters of labour, pay, and ‘plus’. 1902W. James Var. Relig. Exper. 166 Peace cannot be reached by the simple addition of pluses and elimination of minuses from life. 1943Sun (Baltimore) 12 Feb. 17/1 American Telephone was up 17/8, and lesser plus signs were retained by Radio Corporation, Johns-Manville, Goodrich and United States Gypsum. 1959Washington Post 20 July a 6/1 Radio city is one block from the Hotel Victoria. Other location plusses: Madison Square Garden is two blocks away, so are all subways. 1964G. C. Kunzle Parallel Bars ix. 403 Its great plus is the fact that the superior difficulty is the dismount. 1971Guardian 25 Nov. 15/4 Those whom Mr Blond has published are treated as human beings... This is a major plus in his favour. 1972Sci. Amer. Jan. 83/2 The superscript plus sign denotes a positive ion. 1972Business Week 18 Mar. 20/2 The ability to offer assurances of such long-range supplies..is a big plus for U.S. equipment builders. 1974T. Allbeury Snowball xviii. 104 The friction between the governments—it's a plus but it's a side issue. 1975Daily Tel. 4 Jan. 10 Fiction is not on the wane, but actually registered a plus in the number of books published in 1974. 1975Publishers Weekly 31 Mar. 47/1 There are items here..that will interest only a handful of people west of Manhattan. But there are compensating plusses. 1975Studies in Eng. Lit.: Eng. Number (Tokyo) 44 In Table 9 the frequency of occurrence is indicated by means of figures appended to plus signs (like + 1) for constructions which are themselves rare. 1976Evening Post (Nottingham) 15 Dec. 24/7 But Glaxo 383p, Fisons 288p, Tubes 290p, and GEC 163p, still showed small plus signs. 1976Early Music Oct. 382/2 Could..the same reader get something from an article on..the pluses and minuses of using gut strings? 1977Time 7 Mar. 49/2 The scenery and the costumes..are a dazzling plus. 1978C. Black Asterisk Destiny (1979) v. 122 All I am..is the plus sign in a necessary equation.
‖5. plus minus [late L.]: more or less. Obs.
1615Coryat Crudities, etc. (1776) III. L ij b, The Persians [revenues are] fiue millions plus minus. 1650Trapp Comm. Gen. i. 1 There were two thousand years, plus minus, before the law.
6. Special Combs.: plus juncture Linguistics = open juncture s.v. open a. 22 c; plus word, a word which is characteristic of its user, or is used frequently.
1951Trager & Smith Outl. Eng. Struct. 68 Within each phonemic phrase the constituents delimited by *plus⁓junctures are noted. 1964E. Bach Introd. Transformational Gram. vi. 129 One can save the situation by positing a phoneme of internal open juncture (‘plus-juncture’). 1972Hartmann & Stork Dict. Lang. & Linguistics 241/2 Open transition (open juncture),..often called plus juncture, which occurs at a word boundary. 1976Amer. Speech 1974 XLIX. 15 Predictable pitch contours are not marked here and ‘plus juncture’ is indicated by conventional spacing.
1959N. N. Holland First Mod. Comedies vi. 53 ‘Solid’ became a ‘*plus’ word because it suggested realness, the mass and volume the new physics could measure. 1962A. Ellegård Statisical Method for Determining Authorship ii. 12 The typical, characteristic words of the writer—we shall..call his ‘plus words’. 1963Times Lit. Suppl. 25 Jan. 67/2 Words and expressions that were used particularly frequently (plus-words). |