| 释义 |
▪ I. planet, n.1|ˈplænɪt|
Forms: 3–6 planete, (4–6 -ette, 5 -ett, Sc. -ait, 6 Sc. -eit, 7 plannet(t), 5– planet.
[ME. a. OF. planete (F. planète), ad. late L. planēta or planētēs (cited only in pl. planētæ = cl. L. stellæ errantes), a. Gr. πλανήτης wanderer, hence, in pl. (ἀστέρες) πλανῆται wandering stars, planets, f. πλανᾶν to lead astray, in pass. to wander. (Another Gr. form was πλάνης, -ητος, in pl. πλάνητες ἀστέρες, L. planētes.)]
†1.
a. Old Astron. A heavenly body distinguished from the fixed stars by having an apparent motion of its own among them; each planet, according to the Ptolemaic system, being carried round the earth by the rotation of the particular sphere or orb in which it was placed. Obs.
The seven planets, in the order of their accepted distance from the Earth, were the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.
[c1050Byrhtferth's Handboc in Anglia (1885) VIII. 320 Þa steorran þe man hæt planete on lyden.] a1300Cursor M. 1550 (Cott.) Þe planetes all ar went again O þair first making in to þe state. c1400Destr. Troy 4366 Venus the worthy..of planettes of prise has hor pure nome. c1420Lydg. Assembly of Gods 1695 The seuyn planettys Haue her propre names by astronomers. c1470Henry Wallace xi. 500 Quhill day began to peyr; A thyk myst fell, the planet was not cleyr. 1481Caxton Myrr. i. xx. 60. A way that is comune to the vii planetes. 1600Nashe Summer's Last Will D j, Resplendent Sol, chiefe planet of the heauens. 1621Burton Anat. Mel. i. ii. i. ii. (1651) 45 Gregorius Tholosanus makes seven kindes of ætherial spirits or angels, according to the number of the seven Planets, Saturnine, Jovial, Martial. 1687tr. Marana's Turkish Spy i. xii. 35 It is a great while since we have had any Commerce here with the Sun; there being forty nine Days since this beauteous Planet appeared to us. 1727Bailey vol. II. s.v., There is none of the Planets, except the Sun that shines with his own Light. 1766Porny Heraldry (1787) 19 Arms..are blazoned..by Planets, when they belong to Sovereign Princes, Kings, and Emperors.
b. esp. in Astrol., said with reference to the supposed ‘influence’ or quality of any one of these bodies in affecting persons and events; in later usage said vaguely or allusively of an occult controlling fateful power.
c1290St. Michael 431 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 312 Þe planetes ne doth non oþur bot ȝiuez in mannes wille, To beon luþur oþur guod ase heore uertue wole to tille. c1391Chaucer Astrol. i. §21 Whan the planetes ben vnder thilke signes, þei causen vs by hir influence operaciouns & effectes lik to the operaciouns of bestes. c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) xviii. 81 Þai dwell vnder a planett þat es called Saturnus. 1568Grafton Chron. II. 616 The wittie Captaynes..thought it necessary to take the tyme while their good planet reigned. 1570Golding Justin xix. 99 Sodainly by the influence of a pestilent planet, [he] lost all his men of warre. 1670Milton Hist. Eng. ii. Wks. 1851 V. 93 Blind, astonish'd, and strook with superstition as with a Planet. 1738Swift Pol. Conversat. 82, I was born under a Threepenny Planet, never to be worth a Groat. 1837Mrs. Sherwood Henry Milner iii. ix. 176 One of us poor creatures who are born under a three-halfpenny planet.
c. to rain, etc., by planets, in planets (dial.): see quots. to rule a planet, said † (a) of the zodiacal sign in which the planet is (obs.), (b) of a person, To calculate a horoscope, practise astrology. dial.
c1470Henry Wallace vii. 175 That wykked syng so rewled the planait; Saturn was than in till his heast stait. 1670Ray Eng. Prov. 45 It rains by planets, this the Countrey people use when it rains in one place and not in another; meaning that the showers are governed by the Planets. 1807Stagg Poems 22 Heavier now the tempest musters, Down in plennets teems the rain. a1825Forby Voc. E. Anglia s.v., In changeable weather the rain and sunshine come and go by planets. A man of unsteady mind acts by planets; meaning much the same as by fits and starts. 1882in Lucas Stud. Nidderdale 206 That no two floods in Nidderdale are alike in effect, which is locally accounted for by saying, ‘that the rain falls in planets’. 1886Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk. s.v., To ‘rule the planets’ is to practise rustic astrology. 1903Eng. Dial. Dict. s.v., ‘He's getten his planet ruled.’
2. Mod. Astron. The name given to each of the heavenly bodies that revolve in approximately circular orbits round the sun (primary planets), and to those that revolve round these (secondary planets or satellites).
The primary planets comprise the major planets, of which nine are known, viz., in order of distance from the sun, Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto, and the minor planets or asteroids, the orbits of most of which lie between those of Mars and Jupiter.
1640Wilkins (title) A Discovrse concerning a New Planet. Tending to prove, That 'tis probable our Earth is one of the Planets. 1664Power Exp. Philos. iii. 163 Who can imagine that any of the primary Planets were wholly designed for the service of Us and our Earth? 1704J. Harris Lex. Techn. I. s.v., We now number the Earth among the Primary Planets, because we know it moves round the Sun,..and that in a Path or Circle between Mars and Venus. 1710Ibid. II. s.v., The Motions of the Secondary Planets or Satellites round their Primary ones. 1815J. Smith Panorama Sc. & Art I. 510 The primary planets are again distinguished into superior and inferior. The superior planets are those farther from the sun than our Earth..and the inferior planets are those nearer the sun. 1836Macgillivray tr. Humboldt's Trav. xix. 279 The waters have scooped a great hollow..in the ancient revolutions of our planet. 1850Tennyson In Mem. Concl. 138 The man, that with me trod This planet. 1878Huxley Physiogr. xxi. 371 Astronomers are acquainted with 182 bodies called planets.
3. fig. In various obvious senses: e.g. a source of influence; a luminary; (rogues' cant) a candle.
1423Jas. I Kingis Q. xcix, Hye quene of lufe! sterre of beneuolence! Pitouse princes, and planet merciable! 1596Drayton Legends ii. 237 Those two bright Planets, cleerer then the Seven, That with their Splendor, light the World to Heaven. 1790J. Adams Wks. (1854) IX. 571 What the conjunctions and oppositions of two such political planets may produce, I know not. 1840Longfellow Sp. Stud. iii. v, As soon as you see the planets are out, in with you.
4. A planet wheel.
1912R. W. A. Brewer Motor Car Construction xii. 154 If one sun wheel is held, the whole of the planets with their star piece move bodily in a circle when the other sun wheel is revolved. 1928V. W. Pagé Mod. Aircraft xi. 474 Various methods of compounding plain epicyclic gears have been tried, but the best type is undoubtedly that combining double planets, an annulus driven from the crankshaft, and a sun fixed to the engine casing. 1962D. W. Dudley Gear Handbk. iii. 15 With some ratios it has been possible to squeeze in as many as twenty planets. 1970A.A. Bk. of Car 110/1 In the simple epicyclic gear, a pair of planets revolve on spindles supported by the U-shaped planet carrier, which is mounted on the same shaft as the sun wheel.
5. attrib. and Comb., as planet-making, planet-prognosticator, planet-ruler (cf. 1 c), planet-sphere; also planet-blazoned, planet-crested, planet-like, planet-producing, planet-spotted adjs.; planet-book, a book professing to tell fortunes by means of the planets; planet cage, a cylindrical form of planet carrier; planet carrier, the frame on which the planet wheels are mounted in a planetary gear; planet earth (without the, and usu. with one or both initials capitals), the earth as the particular planet on which man lives; planet-gear, a system of gearing in which planet-wheels are introduced; a mechanical combination for converting power into speed; a planet wheel; also planet-gearing; planet pinion, a planet wheel, esp. one smaller than the sun wheel; planet shower, a local shower (cf. planet n.1 1 c); planet stirrer = planetary stirrer s.v. planetary a. and n. A. 1 f; planet-wheel, the exterior wheel which revolves round the central or sun wheel, in the sun-and-planet motion; planet-wide a., occurring all over the planet, as extensive as the planet. See also planet-stricken, -struck.
1839Barham tr. Grotius' Adamus Exul 43 This vast and *planet-blazoned universe.
1677Rosamond in Evans Old Ballads (1784) I. 72 Go fetch me down my *planet-book,..For in the same I mean to look, What is decreed my doom.
1908*Planet cage [see planet pinion below]. 1947Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. LI. 100/1 This usually leads to the adoption of an epicyclic gear with its associated problems of planet cage design and high centrifugal loadings.
1956Molloy & Lanchester Automobile Engineer's Ref. Bk. xii. 60 The short planet gears rotate round the internal ring gear, in the same direction as the input shaft, thus rotating the *planet carrier and attached output shaft at a reduced speed. 1976Leeming & Hartley Heavy Vehicle Technol. vi. 117/2 If the planet carrier is braked and the sun wheel driven, the annulus is driven in a reverse direction—the planet wheels being idler wheels only—and reverse ratio is obtained.
1965J. H. Jackson Pictorial Guide to Planets v. 34 (heading) *Planet earth. 1976L. Deighton Twinkle, Twinkle Little Spy viii. 80 We should simply seek to make a mark in the universe..that some other civilization will detect and so know there is..sophisticated life on planet Earth. 1978Listener 12 Jan. 54/1 The hopeful television producers..who have invaded planet earth. 1979Guardian 18 Aug. 10/8 The SF buff..believes that Planet Earth is done for... He wants more money spent on space.
1916J. E. Homans Automobile Handbk. iii. 42 As soon as the engine starts—there being no clutch necessary on a car with such apparatus—the two spurs keyed to the main shaft..rotate with it, driving the ‘*planet’ gears in mesh with them. 1956[see planet carrier above]. 1971B. Scharf Engin. & its Lang. xii. 161 The planet gears are mounted on pins attached to a common frame, the planet carrier.
1581Sidney Apol. Poetrie (Arb.) 72 If..you be borne so neere the dull making Cataphract of Nilus, that you cannot heare the *Plannet-like Musick of Poetrie. 1715Cheyne Philos. Princ. Relig. i. 74 The Sun and fixt Stars are only Planet-like Bodies, vehemently heated. 1839Bailey Festus xxiv. (1848) 303 Oh! let not a planet-like eye Imbeam its tale on thine.
1908Daily Chron. 14 Nov. 8/6 Greater attention is being paid to the elimination of internal friction from these devices, as in the provision of ball bearings for the *planet pinions in the Sturmey Archer gears, and roller bearings for the planet cage in the Armstrong. a1935[see back-lash a]. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. X. 273/2 The number of teeth on the planet pinion of a simple planetary gear does not enter into the equations for speed ratio because the pinion engages both sun and ring gears.
1652Gaule Magastrom. 23 Away..with all superstitious hearkning to weather-wizzards, *planet-prognosticators, and fortune-spellers!
1894Spectator 17 Feb. 231 She went to consult a *planet-ruler (the name now given to white witches) in Bristol.
1853Mayne Reid Rifle Rangers (rev. ed.) lvii. 288 We were treated each day to some five or six hours of a ‘*planet’ shower. 1880W. H. Patterson Gloss. Words Antrim & Down 78 Planet showers, short heavy showers.
1925E. Sitwell Troy Park 39 Not medicines *planet-spotted like fritillaries For country sins and old stupidities.
1902C. Salter tr. G. von Georgievics's Chem. Technol. Textile Fibres 249 Stirring is effected by so-called *planet stirrers.
1827J. Farey Treat. Steam Engine i. vi. 449 The link causes the centre of the *planet-wheel to travel in a circular orbit..when it revolves round the sun-wheel. 1875Knight Dict. Mech. 1727 The latter sleeve has an arm carrying a planet-wheel. 1912R. W. A. Brewer Motor Car Construction xii. 153 The large bevel wheel is bolted to a casing, which holds firmly a star piece having four arms on each of which runs a planet wheel... These four planet wheels engage with two sun wheels. 1976Planet-wheel [see planet carrier above].
1969Listener 14 Aug. 215/2 It is now evident that on Mars, the craters are *planet-wide. 1974Icarus XXII. 239 (heading) Martian planetwide crater distributions.
Hence † ˈplanet v. Obs. rare (with it), to divine by the planets; ˈplaneted ppl. a., placed in a planet; ˈplaneting vbl. n., the (fabled) singing or music of the planets.
1596Nashe Saffron-Walden Wks. (Grosart) III. 121 A singular Scholler,..set vpon it, and answered it in Print..demonstrating what a lying Ribaden, and Chinklen Kraga it was, to constellate and plannet it so portentously. 1742Young Nt. Th. ix. 777 Tell me, all Ye Starr'd, and Planeted, Inhabitants! What is it? 1635B. Jonson Sad Sheph. iii. ii, Tempering all The jarring spheres, and giving to the world Again his first and tuneful planetting.
▪ II. planet, n.2, ‖ planeta|ˈplænɪt, pləˈniːtə|
[ad. med.L. planēta (633, Fourth Council of Toledo) a chasuble, orig. a name of the pænula, infula, casula, a large cloak or mantle worn by travellers; perh. from Gr. πλανήτης a wanderer.]
A chasuble, esp. in its primitive form of a large loose mantle covering the whole body.
α1602Archpriest Controv. (Camden) II. 28 A supplication for me to have a planet, chalice, and crucifix. a1746Lewis in Gutch Coll. Cur. II. 178 This garment [the priest's chasuble] was likewise called a Planet, to distinguish it, I suppose, from the Chesible worn by the Deacon. 1885Dixon Hist. Ch. Eng. III. 190 They bore on their left arm a folded planet or chasuble. 1894Reichel in Trans. Exeter Archit. & Archæol. Soc. I. 37 Neither deacons nor subdeacons wear the neckcloth, but walk in white albs and planets.
β1848A. Jameson Sacr. & Leg. Art (1850) 403 The planeta, which was a mantle made of a wide circular piece of cloth with an aperture in the middle for the head to pass through. 1867C. Walker Ritual Reason Why 179 The planeta or planet, so called because from being folded back it presented the appearance of a star when partially eclipsed. |