| 释义 |
▪ I. pioneer, n.|paɪəˈnɪə(r)|
Forms: 6 pianer, Sc. pean-, pyonar, 6–7 pion(n)er, pyoner, -eer, 7 pionor, -ier, pyonier, Sc. -eir, 6– pioneer.
[a. F. pionnier, OF. paonier (11th c.), also peon(n)ier, pion(n)ier, orig. foot-soldier, later pioneer, f. OF. peon, pion: see peon, pawn, and -ier. So Prov. pezonier, pessonier, f. pezon foot-soldier.]
1. Mil. One of a body of foot-soldiers who march with or in advance of an army or regiment, having spades, pickaxes, etc. to dig trenches, repair roads, and perform other labours in clearing and preparing the way for the main body.
1523Ld. Berners Froiss. I. cccxlviii. 555 The erle..sent great nombre of pioners and men of armes to assyste them. 1533Acc. Ld. High Treas. Scot. VI. 160 Item, to xxiiij peanaris to pas with the artailȝerie. a1548Hall Chron., Hen. V 56 b, Withal diligence the pyoners cast trenches. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 259, I wold first..bring y⊇ pionners to cast down their trenches. 1590Nashe Psquil's Apol. i. D iij b, He cals out his Pianers, and sets Martin and Penrie a worke to vndermine it. 1617Moryson Itin. ii. 115 Our Pioners had been busied in fortifying and building a new Fort at Blackwater. 1626Proclamation §8 in Maldon Essex Borough Deeds (Bundle 118 No. 13), To euery thousand Souldiers, there be allotted one hundred pioners, to be prouided with Pickaxes, Shouels, Hatchets, Bills and the like. 1768T. Simes Mil. Medley (ed. 2), Pioneers are soldiers armed with firelock..saw and hatchet... They are employed in cutting down trees, and making the roads..for the army to march. 1803Wellington in Gurw. Desp. (1837) I. 533 My pioneers are at work upon the Bhore Ghaut. 1844H. H. Wilson Brit. India II. 70 The brigade halted, while the pioneers were busily employed in rendering the ascent practicable for laden cattle, and stores, and ammunition.
†2.
a. gen. One who digs a trench, pit, etc.; a digger, excavator; a miner. Obs.
1572R. H. tr. Lauaterus' Ghostes 73 Pioners or diggers for mettal. 1601Holland Pliny II. 469 An inhibition, that the publicanes who fermed that mine of the city, should not keepe aboue fiue thousand pioners together at worke there. 1640D. Whistler in Horti Carol., Rosa altera, So when a Mine's discover'd,..It cheeres the Pioner.
b. A labourer (app. confused with piner1).
a1651Calderwood Hist. Kirk (1843) II. 346 The queene caused his corps to be careid by some pyoners in the night,..and to be layed beside the sepulchre of David Rizio.
3. fig.
a. One who goes before to prepare or open up the way for others to follow; one who begins, or takes part in beginning, some enterprise, course of action, etc.; an original investigator, explorer, or worker, in any department of knowledge or activity; an originator, initiator (of some action, scheme, etc.); a forerunner (in such action, etc.).
In 17th c. usually a fig. use of ‘miner’ or ‘underminer’.
1605Bacon Adv. Learn. ii. vii. §1 To make two professions or occupations of Naturall Philosophers, some to bee Pionners, and some Smythes. 1627Hakewill Apol. 22 The other pioner,..which by secret undermining makes way for this opinion of the Worlds decay, is an excessive admiration of Antiquitie. 1700Blackmore Paraphr. Isa. xl. 33 Ye Pioneers of Heav'n, prepare a Road. 1768–74Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) I. 541 Come then,..Philology, pioneer of the abstruser sciences, to prepare the way for their passage. 1836W. Irving Astoria III. 262 As one wave of emigration after another rolls into the vast regions of the west,..the eager eyes of our pioneers will pry beyond. 1856Kane Arct. Expl. I. xxiii. 300 The great pioneer of Arctic travel, Sir Edward Parry. 1866Duke of Argyll Reign Law ii. (ed. 4) 111 The great pioneers in new paths of discovery. 1890‘R. Boldrewood’ Col. Reformer (1891) 147 He made the acquaintance of more than one silver-haired pioneer.
b. Ecol. A plant which establishes itself in an unoccupied area.
1916F. E. Clements Plant Succession x. 212 It [sc. the pitch pine] produces..more seed than the white pine and in its demands is better able to act as a pioneer. 1929Weaver & Clements Plant Ecol. viii. 147 The reactions of the pioneer stage may be unfavorable to the pioneers themselves. 1953H. L. Edlin Forester's Handbk. viii. 113 As a general rule, the light-demanders are also pioneers, capable..of forming a vigorous first crop on bare land. 1967M. E. Hale Biol. Lichens vii. 96 Lichens are conspicuous pioneers on rocks.
c. (Usu. with capital initial.) In the U.S.S.R. and other communist countries, a member of a Society of Young Pioneers, a movement for children below the age of sixteen. Also transf. and attrib.
1929, etc. [see Octoberist, -brist 2 b]. 1930‘I. Low’ His Master's Voice x. 120 The streets grew merry with the drums of the pioneers, with flags, with the strains of the International. 1944M. Laski Love on Supertax v. 58 A band of children..holding a banner on which was inscribed ‘St Pancras Pioneer Group’. 1957M. Pavlov in G. L. Kline Soviet Educ. 130 The Pioneers and the Komsomol members, as a rule, are atheists. 1959A. Wesker Chicken Soup with Barley i. ii, in New Eng. Dramatists I. 193 We didn't force her to be in the pioneers... Show a young person what socialism means and he can't do anything else but accept it. 1970N. Fleming Czech Point vi. 71 As a boy he was in the Pioneers—it's a sort of boy-scout thing. 1970Morning Star 11 May 4 The school has 180 pupils from the age of six to sixteen. There are 22 staff, four educators and a Pioneer organiser. 1972Times 17 June 13/1 Scores of children, mostly red-neckerchiefed Pioneers, were running and scrambling over the rocky ground... They..had to climb more than 950 steps to the monument which records how a Russian army freed Bulgaria from oppression. 1973Listener 2 Aug. 138/2 Another important aspect of Soviet holiday-making is the vast network of so-called Young Pioneer summer camps run for schoolchildren. 1976‘S. Harvester’ Siberian Road iv. 50 Young schoolchildren, all wearing their red Pioneer neckerchieves.
4. attrib.
a. (Usually appositive, in sense 3).
1611Cotgr., Pionnier: m., ere: f., made by, or belonging to, a Pioner; Pioner-like. 1840J. Buel Farmer's Comp. 153 The pioneer-marks of improved husbandry in our own land. 1849Thoreau Week Concord Riv. 359 It is the worshippers of beauty, after all, who have done the real pioneer work of the world. 1869J. McBride (title) Pioneer Biography, Sketches of the Lives of some of the Early Settlers of Butler County, Ohio. 1877J. A. Allen Amer. Bison 566 The buffaloes..have also often been invaluable to the pioneer settler. 1885Public Opinion 9 Jan. 27/2 The pioneer boats of General Earle's expedition. 1890‘R. Boldrewood’ Col. Reformer (1891) 202 The pioneer-squatter's humble woolshed. 1933Burlington Mag. Nov. 193/1 Valuable pioneer work..has been done. 1965Eng. Stud. XLVI. 369, I shall try to clarify the relation between my interpretation of Coleridge's poem and such pioneer-work as Lowes's associative researches.
b. (In sense 3 b above) pioneer association, pioneer plant, pioneer species, pioneer tree.
1932Fuller & Conard tr. Braun-Blanquet's Plant Sociol. xiv. 352 We distinguish aggressive, advancing pioneer associations and restricted, retreating relict communities.
1960N. Polunin Introd. Plant Geogr. xiv. 456 The fringe of the mangrove, at least where it does not consist of young pioneer plants, is made up of tall trees. 1966F. H. Brightman Oxf. Bk. Flowerless Plants 199 These pioneer plants gradually break down the rock surface into fine particles.
1933Forestry VII. 140 Scots pine is the native conifer of the district, and has also undeniable merits as a first crop, or pioneer species, on the..moorlands of the district. 1971Sci. Amer. Sept. 129/2 Species typical of immature succession stages—‘pioneer’ species—are characteristically able to disperse themselves over considerable distances.
1954S. Piggott Neolithic Cultures Brit. Isles i. 5 Iversen has noted that birch is a ‘pioneer tree’ which rapidly colonizes an area after a forest fire.
Senses 3 b, c in Dict. become 3 c, d. Add: [3.] b. (Usu. with cap. initial.) In Ireland, a member of the Pioneer Total Abstinence Association; a teetotaller. Also attrib.
1910Membership Card 31 Oct. in Golden Jubilee Pioneer Total Abstinence Assoc. (1981) 3/1 The Pioneer Total Abstinence League of the Sacred Heart. 1912Irish Catholic 3 Feb. 6/5 The Association is divided into two sections—Pioneers and Probationers of two years' trial. 1924L. McKenna Life & Work Rev. J. A. Cullen, S.J. i. xii. 125 The first Meeting of the Brooch League or ‘Pioneers’ took place on the 16th October, 1901. Ibid., By February, 1904, the whole Total Abstinence League of the Sacred Heart was in fair working order. It consisted of (1) those who took Temporary Pledges, (2) the Pioneers, (3) the Promoters, (4) the Juvenile Branches. 1948Pioneer Jan. 9/1 There are more than 300,000 Pioneers and Probationers in Ireland. 1976W. Mankowitz Hebrew Lesson 5 ‘There's the wine for the Sabbath... Take some.’ ‘Not strong drink. I'm a pioneer.’ 1980J. O'Faolain No Country for Young Men iii. 62 Three were on Guinness. The fourth wore a pioneer pin-badge of total abstinence.
▪ II. pioˈneer, v.
[f. prec. n.]
1. intr. To act as pioneer; to prepare the way as a pioneer. Also to pioneer it (lit. and fig.).
1780S. J. Pratt Emma Corbett (ed. 4) II. 46 The veteran Carbines,..having platooned and pioneered it for a number of years. 1837New Monthly Mag. LI. 199 The tutor..pushes him along the road, to pioneer for their common information. 1846Worcester, Pioneer, v.n. to act as pioneer; to clear the way. Qu. Rev.
2. trans. To prepare, clear, open up (a way, road, etc.) as a pioneer. (lit. and fig.)
1794Burke tr. Pref. to Brissot's Address Wks. VII. 314 Crimes had pioneered and made smooth the way for the march of the virtues. 1850Blackie æschylus I. 318 Artificers..to pioneer the path for the procession. 1898S. Evans Holy Graal 189 In pioneering the way for future research.
3. To act as a pioneer to, be the pioneer of; to prepare the way for; to go before, lead (a person or persons in some course); to lead the way in, initiate (a course of action, etc.). Sometimes loosely = conduct, guide, ‘pilot’.
1819Keats Otho iv. ii. 28 Or thro' the air thou pioneerest me. 1833Coleridge Table T. 17 Aug., High and passionate rhetoric, not introduced and pioneered by calm and clear logic. 1878A. H. Markham Gt. Frozen Sea iv. 49 Our pilot, getting into his kayak, offered to pioneer us into a little bay. 1879St. George's Hosp. Rep. IX. 764 Those who have pioneered abdominal surgery to its present position. 1886D. C. Murray First Pers. Singular xvii. 132 She trusted to him to pioneer her about the deck. 1897Daily News 10 July 4/3 My firm pioneered the nine hours movement in Scotland.
4. Ecol. trans. and intr. Of a plant, to colonize (new territory); to establish itself in an unoccupied area.
1939H. H. Bennett Soil Conservation 418 Ragweed..pioneers idle fields. 1960N. Polunin Introd. Plant Geogr. xi. 327 Hardy Mosses..sometimes pioneer on uncolonized rock surfaces.
Hence pioˈneering vbl. n. and ppl. a.
1816Bentham Chrestom. 239 By successive labourers of this pioneering class, the road is made gradually smoother. 1875Carpentry & Join. 6 The axe is..the pioneering instrument and most faithful ally of man in founding himself a home. 1899Cheyne in Expositor Apr. 257 Pioneering critics ought not to be unaware of the results of their predecessors. |