| 释义 |
phenotype Biol.|ˈfiːnəʊtaɪp|
Also † phænotype.
[ad. G. phaenotypus (W. Johannsen Elem. der exakten Erblichkeitslehre (1909) vii. 123): see phen-, pheno- and -type.]
A type of organism distinguishable from others by observable features; the sum total of the observable features of an individual, regarded as the consequence of the interaction of its genotype with its environment. Cf. genotype n.2
1911W. Johannsen in Amer. Naturalist XLV. 132, I have proposed the terms ‘gene’ and ‘genotype’ and some further terms, as ‘phenotype’ and ‘biotype’, to be used in the science of genetics. Ibid. 134 All ‘types’ of organisms, distinguishable by direct inspection or only by finer methods of measuring or description may be characterized as ‘phenotypes’. 1931S. J. Holmes Life & Evolution xiv. 277 A study of our checkerboard indicates that there are four phaenotypes. 1958Antiquity XXXII. 207 The Neolithic people were mostly of a different phenotype. 1964G. H. Haggis et al. Introd. Molecular Biol. vii. 193 In this scheme the bodily characteristics, or phenotype, are jointly determined by the environment on the one hand and by the inherited chromosomal complement, or genotype, on the other. 1969Times Lit. Suppl. 20 Nov. 1341 Darwinian selection acts on phenotypes. 1971D. J. Cove Genetics iv. 45 It is usual to refer to the genetic constitution of a strain as its genotype, and to its appearance as its phenotype. 1973Listener 28 June 851/1 Whether or not the average phenotypes of such races can be shown to differ significantly in IQ is beside the point. 1976Smythies & Corbett Psychiatry iv. 36 A number of different subgroups based on different biochemical lesions..all..end up with a similar clinical picture. In other words many different genotypes can end up with a very similar phenotype.
Hence phenoˈtypic, phenoˈtypical adjs., of or pertaining to the observable features of, or differences between, organisms (often used with the implication ‘not genotypic’); phenoˈtypically adv.
1911Amer. Naturalist XLV. 148 The phenotypically distinct and even diversely localized ‘characters’ convey easily the impression that they are the reactions of different genes. Ibid. 156 The merely phenotypical phenomena of alternative variability first pointed out by De Vries. 1929R. R. Gates Heredity in Man ii. 26 There are cases where two or more factors combined to produce a single phenotypic character. 1930Biol. Bull. LVIII. 85 (heading) Phenotypical variation in body and cell size of Drosophila melanogaster. 1935Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. XXI. 22 A rare phenomenon—the recurrence of phaenotypically the same scute mutation. 1942Endeavour I. 18/2 Many geneticists have..attempted to discover the processes involved in the mechanism by which the genes of the genotype bring about phenotypic effects. 1964M. Critchley Developmental Dyslexia x. 64 His present study lent no support to the hypothesis that specific dyslexia, mental deficiency,..and speech defects were different phenotypical manifestations of the same hereditary taint. 1964Punch 28 Oct. 652/2 Earlier [sheep] breeders..chose their stock phenotypically, that is, by the look of them. 1970Sci. Amer. Feb. 62/3 It seems likely that the highlanders have derived their special qualities from acclimatization—in short, that their response to their environment is phenotypic rather than genotypic. 1977J. L. Harper Population Biol. of Plants viii. 239 Parts of a clone or shoots on a tree will differ phenotypically, e.g. in age and size. |