| 释义 |
pharyngeal, a. (and n.)|fəˈrɪndʒɪəl|
[f. mod.L. pharynge-us (f. pharynx, pharyng-em) + -al1.]
A. adj. Of, pertaining to, or connected with the pharynx; spec. of speech-sounds: applied to those vowel sounds produced by resonance in the pharynx; also applied to consonantal sounds articulated with obstruction of the air-stream at the pharynx.
1828Stark Elem. Nat. Hist. I. 445 Maxillary front teeth conical, the pharyngeal blunt. 1835–6Todd Cycl. Anat. I. 70/2 The..pharyngeal muscles. 1884F. J. Nott in Harper's Mag. Aug. 443/2 Nasal, pharyngeal, laryngeal, and bronchial catarrh. 1968Chomsky & Halle Sound Pattern Eng. 305 Ubykh, a Caucasian language, distinguishes pharyngeal, uvular, velar, and perhaps also palatal obstruents. 1978Studies in Eng. Lit.: Eng. Number (Tokyo) 159 Part III consists of two chapters, the first of which is concerned with the phonological characterisation of pharyngeal consonants.
B. n.
1. Short for pharyngeal artery, bone, etc.: esp. applied to the pharyngeal bones in fishes.
1834McMurtrie Cuvier's Anim. Kingd. 210 The inferior pharyngeals strongly dentated. 1880Günther Fishes 23 Fishes with the lower pharyngeals coalesced into one bone.
2. spec. designating speech-sounds: (see sense A above); also, a pharyngeal consonant.
1968Chomsky & Halle Sound Pattern Eng. 305 The consonants where the primary constriction is formed with the body of the tongue..: the palatals, velars, uvulars, and pharyngeals. 1976Archivum Linguisticum VII. 91 Nor is it [sc. preaspiration] necessarily a pharyngeal..but may be realized as a spirant formed at some other point of articulation.
Hence phaˈryngealization, obstruction of the air-stream at the pharynx; modification into a pharyngeal sound; phaˈryngealized ppl. a., produced by pharyngealization.
1947K. L. Pike Phonemics xvi. 219 Pharyngealized consonants which are phonemically distinct from nonpharyngealized consonants would..need a special symbol. 1968Chomsky & Halle Sound Pattern Eng. 309 We know of no languages that exhibit parallel variations in degree of narrowing concomitant with palatalization or pharyngealization. 1968P. M. Postal Aspects Phonol. Theory iv. 82 Consonants are normally non-Pharyngealized. Hence there are no languages with only Pharyngealized consonants. 1977J. C. Catford Fund. Probl. Phonetics ix. 182 Pharyngealized vowels involve a compression of the pharynx simultaneously with a primary vowel articulation... Such vowels occur in several Caucasian languages of Dagestan. |