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arch-, prefix
(ɑːtʃ; exc. in archangel)
repr. Gr. ἀρχι-, ἀρχ'-, comb. form of ἀρχ-ός chief (cogn. w. ἄρχ-ειν to begin, take the lead), as in ἀρχι-διάκονος chief-minister, ἀρχι-επίσκοπος chief-bishop, ἀρχ-άγγελος chief-angel. Hence in later L. archidiāconus, archiepiscopus, archangelus; in OF. arce-archediacne, arce-archevesque, arc-archangele. (In L. the ch was treated as c; hence, in Romanic, it remained = k in archangelus; in other words, it became in It. arce-, arci-, Pr., Sp., Pg. arce, OF. arce-, later arche-; whence G. erz-, Du. aarts-.)
In OE. at first translated by héah- high (héah-diacon, héah-biscop, héah-ęngel, etc.), but also at length adopted from L. as arce-, ærce-, ęrce- (? orig. arci-), in ęrce-diacon, ęrce-biscop, ęrce-stól arch-see, ęrce-hád archiepiscopal dignity. The OE. ęrce-, arce-, became in ME. erche-, arche-, the latter coinciding with OF. arche-, whence also archangel was added. From these, in later times, arch- became a living formative, prefixable to any name of office. The same happened in med.L. and most mod. langs.; hence many of the Eng. examples, e.g. archduke, are adaptations of foreign titles. Since the 16th c., arch- has been freely prefixed to names of agents and appellatives (like arci- in Ital., and archi- in French, as archifou, archipédant); in a few instances also to appellations of things, and occasionally even to adjectives. Finally, from its faculty of being prefixed to any appellative, arch has gradually come to be a separate adjective; see prec. word. (In modern literary words from Gr., the prefix is, in Eng., as in all the Romance langs., archi- q.v.) In pronunciation, the compounds of arch- have two accents, either of which may be the stronger, according to emphasis, as in right hand. But established compounds, as archangel, -bishop, -deacon, -duke, tend to have the main stress on arch-, especially when they are prefixed to a name, as, the ˈArchduke ˈCharles, ˈArchbishop ˈCranmer. As a prefix the usual sense is ‘chief, principal, high, leading, prime,’ occasionally ‘first in time, original, initial,’ but in modern use it is chiefly prefixed intensively to words of bad or odious sense, as in arch-traitor, arch-enemy, arch-rogue.
1. a. In titles of office, rank, or dignity: meaning, ‘Chief, principal, -in-chief; superior, master-; one who occupies a position or rank above those who bear the simple title’; as archbishop, archdeacon, archduke; arch-beadle, -brahmin, -chaplain, -druid, -eunuch (Gr. ἀρχιευνοῦχος), -gunner (obs.), -maˈgirist (Gr. ἀρχι-µάγειρος) chief cook, -mime (= archimime), -minister, -phylarch chief magistrate of the tribe, -satrap, -visitor; especially in many titles of offices in the Holy Roman or German empire, as arch-butler, -chamberlain, -chancellor, -count, -cupbearer; arch-dapifer, chief sewer, whose office it was to carry on horseback the first meal to the newly-crowned emperor, whence archdapifership; arch-earl, -marshal, -sewer, -steward, -treasurer,
b. In appellations formed after these, and applied in a similar sense, as arch-apostle chief apostle, or chief of the apostles; arch-chief, -corsair, -dæmon, -emperor, -engineer, -genethliac (Gr. γενεθλιακός) chief caster of nativities, -governor, -magician, -patriarch, -pontiff, -primate, -prince, -publican, -regent, -ruler, -sacrificator, -sacrificer, -shepherd, -vestryman, -workmaster.
a.
1693Apol. Clergy Scot. 20 *Arch-Bedle to the Kirk.
1727–51Chambers Cycl. s.v., The elector of Brandenbourg is *arch-chamberlain of the empire.
1842Alison Hist. Eur. XIII. lxxxix. §6. 185 Talleyrand in his capacity of *arch-chancellor of the empire.
1614Selden Titles Hon. 243 *Arch-Chaplains constituted, in those elder times in the Court for Ecclesiastical matters.
1753Chambers Cycl. Supp., *Arch-Count, a title antiently given to the Earl of Flanders.
1690Lond. Gaz. mmdxxxiii/3 The Elector of Bavaria, as *Arch⁓dapifer, rid in his Robes to the Kitchin.
1661Morgan Sph. Gentry iv. vi. 82 The *archdapifirship with all the prerogatives thereof.
1747Carte Hist. Eng. I. 32 The *Arch-Druid's mansion house.
1839Keightley Hist. Eng. I. 2 Presided over by an *arch-druid.
1599A. M. tr. Gabelhouer's Bk. Physic 338/1 The *Archearle Fredericke.
1727–51Chambers Cycl. s.v., The *archeunuch was one of the principal officers in Constantinople.
1664Floddan Field viii. 72 Th' *archgunner on th' 'English part.
1814Sch. Good Living 26 Cadmus, *archmagirist to the king of Sidon.
a1634Chapman Alphonsus Plays 1873 III. 206 Augustus Duke of Saxon, *Arch Marshall to the Emperor.
1678Marvell Corr. 361 Wks. 1875 II. 631 One Mr. Welch is their *arch-minister.
1683Burnet tr. More's Utopia 76 Another Magistrate..called..the *Arch-philarch.
1847Ld. Lindsay Chr. Art. I. Introd. 55 The *archsatrap Satan.
1622Heylin Cosmogr. ii. (1682) 103 The Office of Archidapifer, or *Arch-Sewer.
1643Prynne Power Parl. App. 156 The king verily hath his great Master or *Arch-Steward.
1661Morgan Sph. Gentry iv. vi. 82 The Count Palatine was created..*Arch Treasurer of the Empire.
a1672Wood Life (1848) 41 By the favour of the Warden Sir N. Brent the *Arch-visitor.
b.
1726J. Trapp Popery i. (T.) The highest titles would have been given to St. Petre, such as *arch-apostle.
1590Barrow & Greenw. in Confer. 43 Christ being..*Arch⁓cheif, high Bishop of Bishopps.
1728Morgan Algiers II. iv. 288, I bid this *Arch-Corsair a final Adieu.
1849Sir J. Stephen Eccl. Biog. (1850) I. 365 Indolence, self-will, and selfishness..*archdæmons of the cloister.
1816Southey in Q. Rev. XVI. 230 Grand Monarque, Emperor, or *Arch⁓emperor, if it liked him better.
1835Browning Paracelsus ii. 32 The dupes of this Old *arch-genethliac.
1567Jewel Def. Apol. (1611) 420 Yee *Archgouerners of Christs Church.
1553–87Foxe A. & M. 88/2 The magicians and *archmagicians.
1579Fulke Heskins's Parl. Title-p., *Archpatriarches of the Popish Synagogue.
1790Burke Fr. Rev. 16 This *archpontiff of the rights of men.
1583Stubbes Anat. Abuses 17 At the command of their superintendent, or *arch⁓primate.
1649Bp. Hall Cases Consc. vii. (1654) 47 The *Arch-publican Zacheus.
1650Don Bellianis 107 *Arch⁓ruler over so many territories.
1818Bentham Ch. Eng. 361 The Noble Reformer, in the character of *Arch-Sacrificator.
1656Trapp Comm. Matt. ii. 6 Christ is the *arch-Shepherd, that feeds his people daily.
1859Helps Friends in C. Ser. ii. I. i. 23 The *arch-vestryman, who objects to every thing proposed by everybody.
1630J. Taylor (Water P.) Superb. Flag. Wks. i. 28/1 Then did the *Archworkmaster of this All Create this Massie Vniversall Ball.
2. In descriptive appellations: meaning, ‘One pre-eminent as, who performs the action or possesses the quality before others; greatest, chief, leading’; as arch-antiquary, arch-artist, arch-builder, arch-consoler, arch-critic, arch-defender, arch-diplomatist, arch-divine, arch-dogmatist, arch-exorcist, arch-friend, arch-host, arch-jockey, arch-leader, arch-lexicographer, arch-mystagogue, arch-philosopher, arch-player, arch-politician, arch-prophet, arch-protestant, arch-puritan, arch-representative, arch-saint, arch-semipelagian, arch-urger, arch-wag, arch-wench, arch-worker.
In modern use especially with terms of odium or execration: meaning, ‘Extreme, out-and-out, worst of, ringleader of’; as arch-agitator, arch-botcher, arch-boutefeu (= incendiary), arch-buffoon, arch-charlatan, arch-cheater, arch-conspirator, arch-corrupter, arch-cosener, arch-criminal, arch-deceiver, arch-depredator, arch-despot, arch-devil, arch-dissembler, arch-disturber, arch-dolt, arch-felon, arch-fool, arch-gomeril, arch-humbug, arch-hypocrite, arch-informer, arch-knave, arch-liar, arch-metaphysician, arch-mistress, arch-plotter, arch-plunderer, arch-pretender, arch-rationalist, arch-robber, arch-rogue, arch-scandalmonger, arch-sceptic, arch-scoundrel, arch-seducer, arch-snake, arch-spy, arch-tempter, arch-turncoat, arch-traitor, arch-tyrant, arch-vagabond. Many of these are used with a specific reference to the Devil.
1840Gen. P. Thompson Exerc. (1842) V. 158 Thanking the *‘Arch-Agitator’ [O'Connell].
1611Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. v. iii. 12 Proued by our *arch-Antiquary in his famous work.
1640Sanderson 21 Serm. Ad. Aul. xii. (1673) 176 The great *Arch-architect, the builder and maker of all things.
1579J. Stubbes Gaping Gulf B vij b, That Romish *archbaalam.
a1635Corbet To Ghost R. Wisdome (T.) *Archbotcher of a psalm or prayer.
1685Evelyn Diary (1827) III. 164 The *arch-boutefeu Ferguson, Matthews, were not yet found.
1577Holinshed Chron. II. 26/2 The *archbrochers of their brethrens bloud.
c1600Hooker Eccl. Pol. vii. 441 The very blessed Apostle..giveth unto himself the title of an *arch⁓builder [1 Cor. iii. 10].
1853Trench Proverbs 141 Men fancy they can cheat the *arch-cheater.
1548Hall Chron. Hen. IV an. 1 (1809) 24 Hector Boece, the Scottish *Arche⁓chronocler.
1859Helps Friends in C. Ser. ii. I. 8 Change is the *arch-consoler.
1594Merry Knack i. in Hazl. Dodsl. VI. 528 When I came to the Exchange, I espied..An *arch⁓cosener.
1938R. G. Collingwood Princ. Art v. 85 Hair-raising fiction concerned with *arch-criminals, gunmen, and sinister foreigners.
1626tr. Boccalina 187 (T.) Promoted..to be the *archcritick of the sacred muses.
1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 520 A new crime of the *archdeceiver.
1616R. C. Times' Whis. v. 2111 Drunkennesse hath got an *arch-defender.
1818Bentham Ch. Eng. 349 Wealth thus devoured by the *arch-depredator.
1649S. Clark Lives Fathers (1654) 245 Luther..called the Zinglians, *Archdevils.
1869Freeman Norm. Conq. III. xii. 116 The King of France then, is the *arch-disturber.
1551Robinson tr. More's Utopia (1869) 39 Thies wysefooles and verye *archedoltes.
1612–5Bp. Hall Contempl. iii. i. 61 They accuse him for an *archexorcist, for the worst kinde of magician. 1667Milton P.L. iv. 179 Which when th' arch-fellon saw, Due entrance he disdained.
1866Carlyle Remin. (1881) I. 132 Robert Owen, the then incipient *arch-gomeril.
1826Southey Lett. (1856) IV. 40 The ‘Life of an *Arch-humbug.’
1685Baxter Paraphr. Matt. xxvii. 6 Thus *Arch-hypocrites make conscience of Ceremony, and make no conscience of Perjury.
1761Sterne Tr. Shandy (1802) IV. xx. 93 As if the *arch-jockey of jockeys had got behind me.
1866Spectator 6 Jan., Calling you or your friend ‘an *arch⁓knave.’
1827Hare Guesses i. (1873) 82 Vice is the greatest of all Jacobins, the *arch-leveler.
1905W. James Let. 24 Aug. (1920) II. 232 When you write your treatise against philosophy, you will be classed as the *arch-metaphysician.
1930R. Campbell Poems 18 Your muse..*Arch-mistress of the slowly crawling theme.
a1711Ken Poet. Wks. 1721 IV. 76 A Legion led, With the *Arch-Murderer at Head.
1856R. Vaughan Mystics (1860) I. 231 Following Dionysius, that *arch-mystagogue.
1610Healey St. Aug., City of God 254 One old *arch-plaier plaid the Mimike.
1625tr. Camden's Hist. Eliz. iii. (1688) 344 The *Arch-plotter..of this Treason.
1665Boyle Occas. Refl. iv. xiii. (1675) 250 The Old Serpent himself, that *Arch-politician.
1677Gilpin Dæmonol. Sac. (1867) 169 Arch-heretics have been *arch⁓pretenders to sanctity.
a1910W. James Some Probl. Philos. (1911) ii. 35 Plato, the *arch-rationalist, explained the details of nature by their participation in ‘ideas’.
1873J. Morley Rousseau I. ix. 309 Voltaire was the *Arch-representative of all these elements.
a1650May Satyr. Puppy 46 Some *Arch-Rogue..hath done her wrong.
1920D. H. Lawrence Let. 4 Jan. (1962) I. 606 She is staying with an *arch-scandalmonger.
1936Mind XLV. 336 Their specific intellectual relationship to the *arch-sceptic himself [sc. Hume].
1896Westm. Gaz. 21 May 2/1 There is no knowing how many gullible young women this *arch-scoundrel might not have married and fleeced.
1674Hickman Hist. Quinquart. (ed. 2) 38 Forged by Faustus that *Arch-Semipelagian.
1881G. M. Hopkins Sermons & Dev. Wr. (1959) 199 So that if the Devil is symbolised as a snake he must be an *archsnake and a dragon.
1630Wadsworth Sp. Pilgr. viii. 89, I was an *Arch-spye against their State.
1916Joyce Portr. Artist Young Man iii. 135 Eve yielded to the wiles of the *arch tempter.
1654Gataker Disc. Apol. 64 As did that *Arch⁓turncoat of Spalata.
1862Merivale Rom. Emp. (1865) VII. lv. 2 This *arch-tyrant..most detestable of the Cæsarean family. 1656tr. B. Valentine's Twelve Keyes 6 That *arch⁓wench Venus.
1877E. Conder Bas. Faith iv. 189 The materials with which Reason, the *arch-worker, toils to construct her fabric.
3. As prec., with sense of, ‘First in time, original’; as arch-father (1541), arch-founder, arch-god, arch-messenger, arch-plagiary. Mostly arch.
1541Coverdale Old Faith v. Wks. 1844 I. 29 [Cain] the *archfather of all murderers.
1641Milton Ch. Govt. ii. (1851) 106 Him whom they fain to be the *archfounder of Prelaty, S. Peter.
1846Grote Greece (1869) I. 12 Homer knows nothing of Uranus, in the sense of an *arch-God, anterior to Kronos.
1835Lytton Rienzi vii. vi. 334 The *arch-messenger to smooth the way and prepare the welcome.
1659Gell Amendm. Bible 787 Adam the *arch⁓plagiary, who hath brought us all into bondage.
4. Of things: with sense of
a. ‘Chief, principal, main, prime’; as arch-beacon, arch-city, arch-fire, arch-heart, arch-machine, arch-piece, arch-pillar (1553), arch-practice, arch-synagogue (all Obs. or archaic); arch-infamy, arch-mediocrity, arch-mock, arch-mockery, arch-sin (1598), etc.
b. ‘Primitive, original’; as † arch-christendom, arch-essence, arch-form. Spec. arch-house, archducal house (of Austria); † arch-pall, archiepiscopal pall; † arch-sea, archipelago; arch-see, archiepiscopal see.
1602Carew Cornwall (1723) 138 b, The top of the Cornish *Archbeacon Hainborough.
c1630Risdon Surv. Devon. §314 Their order..was..utterly abolished in *Arch⁓christendom.
1633Fletcher Purple Isl. ii. xliv, That *arch⁓city of this government.
1652Benlowes Theoph. viii. x, *Archessence! Thou, self full! self infinite! Residing in approachlesse light.
1654Goddard in Burton's Diary (1828) I. 171 A piece of that *archfire, that hath been in this your time.
1873M. Blind Strauss's Old Faith li. 208 The two *arch-forms of organic life.
1685tr. Gracian's Courtier's Man. 122 The Heart of Alexander was an *Arch⁓heart, seeing a whole world lodged easily in a corner of it.
1834Bancroft Hist. U.S. VI. Index 497 Decadence of the *arch-house.
1871Browning Pr. Hohenst. 1529 That lie of lies, *arch-infamy.
1861Emerson Cond. Life i. 14 Man is the *arch-machine.
1844Disraeli Coningsby I. ii. i. 155 The *Arch-Mediocrity who presided, rather than ruled, over this Cabinet of Mediocrities.
1604Shakes. Oth. iv. i. 71 O, 'tis the spight of hell, the Fiend's *Arch-mock.
1826E. Irving Babylon II. vi. 85 Its *arch-mockery, and master-piece of wickedness.
1866Jrnl. Sacr. Lit. No. 19. 187 Little less than an *arch⁓mystery.
1848Petrie tr. O.E. Chron. (1853) 79 [He] went to Rome after his *arch-pall.
1630Naunton Fragm. Reg. (Arb.) 38 Sir Nicholas Bacon, An *arch-piece of Wit and Wisdom.
1553–87Foxe A. & M. 209/1 *Archpillers of all papistrie.
1586Bright Melanch. xxxv. 193 That *archpiller of faith and assurance in Christ Jesus our hope.
1628Earle Microcosm. liii. 115 It may be an *Arch-practice of State.
1613R. Zouche Dove 25 The *Arch-Sea rowling from th' unruly North.
1612Drayton Polyolb. xxiv. (1748) 360 Next these *arch-sees of ours now London place doth take.
1865Morn. Star 16 Feb., The *arch see of Canterbury.
1598J. Dickenson Arisbas (1878) 55 The Seede of all mischiefe, that *Arch⁓sinne usurie.
1655Fuller Ch. Hist. iii. vi. §33 They had their *Arch-Synagogue at the North corner of the Old-Jury.
5. Adjectives: as † arch-chemic, chief in alchemy; † arch-noble, noble in a superior degree.
1667Milton P.L. iii. 609 Th' *Arch-chimic Sun so farr from us remote.
1761Smollett Gil Blas iii. ix. I. 301 The ladies of the stage are not only noble, but *arch-noble.
▸ arch-nemesis n.
1901P. V. Mighels Crystal Sceptre xliii. 371 The wild brutes,..crazy to beat me to a pulp, as their *arch-nemesis. 1928Daily Kennebec Jrnl. (Augusta, Maine) 28 July 5/1 Big Bill Tilden called forth a burst of the furious tennis of his younger years today to defeat his arch nemesis. 2005D. Mansour From Abba to Zoom xiii. 470 His arch-nemesis is the evil Lex Luthor, who diminishes Superman's power with Kryptonite. |