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Pentecost|ˈpɛntɪkɒst|
Also 5 pentcost, pencost, 5–6 penthecost(e, 6–7 penticost(e, 7 pentycost.
[a. Christian L. pentēcostē (Tertullian), a. Gr. πεντηκοστή (sc. ἡµέρα or ἑορτή) fiftieth (day or feast), in Tobit ii. 1, 2 Maccabees xii. 32.]
1. A name of Hellenistic origin for the Jewish harvest festival (called in the Old Testament the Feast of Weeks) observed on the fiftieth day of the omer (q.v.), i.e. at the conclusion of seven weeks from the offering of the wave-sheaf, on the second day of the Passover.
The first day of the Passover is always the 15th Nisan; the 16th Nisan is the First Day of the Omer or wave-offering; seven weeks from which, on the 6th Sivan, is the Feast of Weeks. Thus, in 1900, the 16th Nisan coincided with Sunday 15th April, and the 6th Sivan with Sunday 3rd June, which were also, that year, Easter Sunday and Whit-Sunday; but the Jewish festivals, being regulated solely by the moon, may fall on any day of the week: see 2.
c1000ælfric Hom. I. 312 On ðam ealdan Pentecosten sette God æ ðam Israhela folce. c1175Lamb. Hom. 89. 1382 Wyclif 2 Macc. xii. 32 After Pentecost [Vulg. post Pentecosten, LXX µετὰ δὲ τὴν λεγοµένην πεντηκοστὴν], thei wenten aȝeins Gorgias, prepoost of Ydume. ― Acts ii. 1 Whanne the dayes Pentecostes, [gloss that is, fyfti; 1388 daies of Pentecost] weren fulfillid, alle disciplis weren to gidere in the same place. 1560Bible (Genev.) Tobit ii. 1 In the feast of Pentecoste which is the holy (feast) of the seuen wekes [so in 1611; LXX ἐν τῆ πεντηκοστῆ ἑορτῆ ἢ ἐστιν ἁγία ἑπτὰ ἑβδοµάδων]. 1737Whiston Josephus, Jewish War ii. iii. §1 That feast which was observed after seven weeks, and which the Jews call Pentecost. 1900G. T. Purves in Hastings Dict. Bible III. 741/1 It is certain that the Jews celebrated the sheaf-waving on Nisan 16, and Pentecost on the fiftieth day after (Sivan 6), without regard in either case to the day of the week.
2. A festival of the Christian Church observed on the seventh Sunday after Easter, in commemoration of the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the disciples on the day of Pentecost (Acts ii.); the day of this festival, Whit-Sunday; also, the season of this festival, Whitsuntide.
The Resurrection of Christ is recorded to have taken place on the second day of the Passover, being that year the first day of the week. Seven weeks after that (and so again on the first day of the week) was the Feast of Weeks or Pentecost. In commemoration of this, these two Christian festivals are always held on the first day of the week (Sunday), and so in most cases do not coincide with the Jewish festivals.
c1000ælfric Hom. I. 312 Þes dæᵹðerlica dæᵹ is ure Pentecostes, þæt is, se fifteoᵹoða dæᵹ fram ðam Easterdæᵹe. c1050Byrhtferth's Handboc in Anglia VIII. 311 Wel ᵹelóme byð pentecosten on him ᵹeendod. a1100O.E. Chron. an. 1086 Þriwa he bær his cynehelm ælce ᵹeare..On Eastron he hine bær on Winceastre, on Pentecosten on Westmynstre. 1387Trevisa Hidgen (Rolls) IV. 347 Þat ȝere about Pentecoste, þat is Witsontide, þe apostles ordeyned þe lasse Iames, Alpheus his sone, bisshop of Ierusalem. 1481Caxton Godeffroy clxv. 244 There helde they theyr penthecost or wytsontyde. 1592Shakes. Rom. & Jul. i. v. 38 Come Pentycost as quickely as it will. 1726[see Pentecostal n.]. 1841Longfellow Childr. Lord's Supper 1 Pentecost, day of rejoicing, had come. The church of the village Gleaming stood in the morning's sheen. 1889H. M. Luckock Divine Liturgy xlix. 394 He mentions Epiphany as one of the three days, and omits Pentecost. 1953A. A. McArthur Evolution of Christian Year iv. 165 What does the following of the year actually mean in practice in the periods after Epiphany and Pentecost? 1957Oxf. Dict. Chr. Ch. 1483/1 In the RC Church the Sundays from Pentecost to Advent are usually numbered ‘after Pentecost’ but in the Anglican Church they are reckoned..‘after Trinity’, i.e. the Sunday after Pentecost. 1969Calendar & Lessons (Church of England Liturgical Comm.) 5 Trinity Sunday is historically a late feast, exceptional as proclaiming a doctrine rather than commemorating an event. It is only in northern Europe that the Sundays of the unorganized second half of the Church's year have been dated from it, the octave of Pentecost, instead of from Pentecost itself. The calendar proposes that they should be called Sundays after Pentecost. 1976B. Barker When Queen was Crowned 4 Many of the acts, words and anthems in Westminster Abbey in 1953 were seen and heard on the feast of Pentecost in St Peter's Church at Bath in 973 when King Edgar was crowned. 1978P. G. Cobb in C. Jones et al. Study of Liturgy vi. i. 418 Pentecost is given a new prominence by becoming a third focus of the Christian Year.
attrib.1568Grafton Chron. II. 934 Vpon the Tuesday in Penticost weeke. 1664–5in Swayne Sarum Churchw. Acc. (1896) 338 Mr. Kent penticost mony 6s. 8d. [Cf. Pentecostal n.]
3. fig. in allusion to the gift of the Holy Spirit, or the circumstances attending it recorded in Acts ii.
176.Wesley Serm. lxviii. §20 Wks. 1811 IX. 241 The grand pentecost shall ‘fully come’: and ‘devout men in every nation’..shall ‘all be filled with the Holy Ghost’. 1847Emerson Poems, Problem, Ever the fiery Pentecost Girds with one flame the countless host. 1901W. Sanday in Expositor May 327 Calvary without Pentecost is not yet in vital relation with ourselves.
4. The particular day that the Christian feast of Pentecost commemorates, when the Holy Spirit descended upon the apostles (Acts ii).
1882G. Smeaton Doctrine of Holy Spirit ii. 48 The Pentecost was the great day of the Holy Ghost, the opening of the river of the water of life. 1913W. H. G. Thomas Holy Spirit of God i. v. 42 To the disciples the gift of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost may be said to be analogous to the descent of the Holy Spirit on Christ at his baptism. 1925Chesterton Everlasting Man ii. iv. 250 This learned scholar says that Pentecost was the occasion for the first founding of an ecclesiastical, dogmatic and despotic Church utterly alien to the simple ideals of Jesus of Nazareth. 1938Doctrine in C. of E. 161 They would lay stress upon the idea of the Spirit as guiding the Church into all truth, and as therein revealing more fully after Pentecost the significance of what our Lord did at the Last Supper. 1977Christian IV. 33 Jesus' appointment of the twelve, and their special consecration at Pentecost, are not functional devices, otherwise irrelevant to the preaching of the Kingdom. |