| 释义 |
penalty|ˈpɛnəltɪ|
[Not found till after 1500; ultimately ad. med.L. pœnālitās, f. pœnālis penal; cf. the doublet penality. The reduction of -ity to -ty suggests an AF. origin.]
†1. Pain, suffering. Obs. rare.
1513Bradshaw St. Werburge i. 3080 To dyssolve her wo and great penalte. 1642H. More Song of Soul ii. ii. ii. xiv, It breaks and tears and puts to penalty This sory corse.
2. a. A punishment imposed for breach of law, rule, or contract; a loss, disability, or disadvantage of some kind, either ordained by law to be inflicted for some offence, or agreed upon to be undergone in case of violation of a contract; sometimes spec. the payment of a sum of money imposed in such a case, or the sum of money itself; a fine, mulct.
1512Act 4 Hen. VIII, c. 6 §2 The one moitie of every of the said penalties to be to the Kyng. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 193 b, A penaltie was set for suche as obeyed not the decree of Spier. 1596Shakes. Merch. V. iv. i. 248 The intent and purpose of the Law Hath full relation to the penaltie, Which heere appeareth due vpon the bond. 1664H. More Myst. Iniq., Apol. viii. 541 He would submit himself to any equitable Mulcts or Penalties. 1667Milton P.L. vii. 545 In the day thou eat'st, thou di'st; Death is the penaltie impos'd. 1758Blackstone Comm. I. Introd. ii. 59 These prohibitory laws do not make the transgression a moral offence, or sin: the only obligation in conscience is to submit to the penalty, if levied. 1789Bath Jrnl. 27 July Advt., The Act inflicts a penalty of Ten Pounds on persons letting out News-papers to read for hire. 1865Kingsley Herew. ii, The pains and penalties of exile did not press very hardly upon him.
b. fig. Suffering, disadvantage, or loss, resulting directly from some course of action, esp. from an error or fault, or incident to some position or state.
1664H. More Myst. Iniq. xix. 72 With them Marriage cannot be omitted without very high penalties inflicted by that Nemesis interwoven with the law of Nature. 1790Burke Fr. Rev. 135 You..in doing it have incurred the penalties you well deserve to suffer. 1837Thirlwall Greece lii. VI. 273 It was the heavy price which he had to pay for his conquests: the penalty, perhaps we may add, of suspicions too lightly indulged. 1875Bryce Holy Rom. Emp. xix. (ed. 5) 356 It is the penalty of greatness that its form should outlive its substance. 1972Lebende Sprachen XVII. 134/2 Increases in strength or stiffness have always brought a weight penalty. Ibid. 135/1 The aircraft will accept bulky cargo with little penalty in payload.
c. Sport. A disadvantage imposed upon a competitor or a side (usually in the form of an advantage given to the opposite side) as punishment for a breach of rules; also, a disadvantage imposed on a competitor who has been a winner in some previous contest in order to equalize the chances; a handicap. spec. in Football, (the award of) a free kick at goal. (See also 5.)
1885Daily Tel. 28 Sept. (Cassell), The conditions of the race include neither penalties nor allowances. 1897Encycl. Sport I. 434/2 Within the twelve yards line, a referee must enforce law 13, and has no power to mitigate the penalty. 1898A. E. T. Watson Turf 249 When any race is in dispute, both the horse that came in first and any horse claiming the race shall be liable to all the penalties attaching to the winner of that race till the matter be decided. 1899A. Budd Football (Rugby) 53 Free-kicks by way of penalties shall be awarded on claims by the opposite side. 1951E. Rickman Come racing with Me ii. 12 The weights are varied in individual cases by ‘penalties’ (extra weight) for previous wins. 1969B. James England v Scotland x. 229 Mr Skranko awarded no fewer than 55 free kicks and three penalties. 1972G. Green Great Moments in Sport: Soccer v. 66 Dorsett shot the penalty home like a thunderbolt. 1974Rules of Game 260/4 Condition (or allowance) races, in which a basic weight allowance for age and sex of horse is varied by added weight penalties for past successes (measured in prize money terms). 1977Horse & Hound 14 Jan. 7/4 Early Spring..was making an 8 lb penalty look very ordinary indeed.
d. Phr. on, upon, under († in) penalty: with the liability of incurring penalty in case of not fulfilling the command or condition stated. † upon his penalty: at his peril (quot. 1653).
1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 23 b, Commaunding al men to eschew his..company, under the lyke penaltie. 1600Child-Marriages 176 Patrick Foord is also bounden for him as his surety, in the like penalty vnto her maiestie for his apperaunce. 1653Clarke Papers (Camden) III. 8 That [he] upon his penalty forbeare to sit or act there longer. 1783Watson Philip III (1839) 209 To quit the Spanish dominions, under the penalty of perpetual servitude. 1858O. W. Holmes Aut. Breakf.-t. viii. 71 Many minds must change their key now and then, on penalty of getting out of tune or losing their voices.
e. Bridge. A number of points added to the opponents' score when the declarer fails to make his contract, or to the declarer's score when his call is doubled and he makes his contract.
1908R. F. Foster Auction Bridge 37, 50 points penalty for each of the two tricks by which the bidder failed. 1935Encycl. Sports 174/1 Penalties reasonably incurred may be cheaper than allowing your opponents to make game. 1964Official Encycl. Bridge 417/2 Penalty. (1) An obligation or restriction imposed upon a side for violation of the Laws of Bridge... (2) An amount scored above the line by the declarer's opponents when the declarer fails to make a contract. 1976Field 30 Dec. 1293/2 He again doubled, but, of course, this time for a penalty.
†3. A condition imposed; a liability, obligation.
1601R. Johnson Kingd. & Commw. (1603) 172 Hee..deuided his dominion amongst them,..only with this penalty, to find alwaies in readiness a certaine number of footmen and horsemen.
†4. An act liable to punishment, a penal offence.
1596Edw. III, ii. i, It is a penalty to break your statutes.
5. (esp. in sporting phraseology, as in penalty goal, kick: see 2 c) penalty bully, penalty corner, penalty flick, penalty goal, penalty kick, penalty point, penalty stroke, penalty trick, penalty try; penalty area, the area in front of the goal on football and other pitches within which offences can incur the award of a penalty; penalty bench, in ice-hockey, seating for match officials and penalized players; also penalty box, (a) the area taken up by a penalty bench; (b) = penalty area; penalty card Bridge (see quot. 1964); penalty carrier Golf, a player who has a number of strokes added to his total as a handicap; penalty clause, a clause in a contract stipulating a penalty for failure to fulfil any of its obligations; penalty double Bridge, a double made to increase a score if an opponent's contract is defeated; penalty envelope U.S., an official envelope which may only be used for its designated purpose, under penalty of a fine stated on it; penalty killer, in ice-hockey, a player responsible for preventing the opposing side from scoring while his own team's strength is reduced through penalties; hence penalty killing ppl. a. and vbl. n.; penalty line, a line marking a penalty area on a football pitch; penalty pass Bridge (see quot. 1964); penalty rate Austral., an increased rate of pay for overtime; penalty spot, the spot from which penalty shots or kicks are taken.
1905P. Walker How to Play Assoc. Football 12 Lines shall be marked 18 yards from each goal-post at right angles to the goal-lines for a distance of 18 yards, and these shall be connected with each other by a line parallel to the goal-lines; the space within these lines shall be the penalty area. 1910Encycl. Brit. X. 621/2 If such infringement take place within the penalty area on the part of a player on the side then defending the goal,..a ‘penalty kick’ is awarded to the attacking side. 1929Daily Express 7 Nov. 19/1 The full-backs were often guilty of dribbling the ball in their own penalty area. 1970A. Wade Coach Yourself Assoc. Football 14 When he reaches the penalty area attacker A can only shoot or pass to B. 1972G. Green Great Moments in Sport: Soccer i. 25 Again Mortensen reached a spot right of the penalty area.
1934Webster, Penalty bench. 1962Amer. Speech XXXVII. 126 Stammbach goes to the penalty bench for two minutes on account of a check. 1974Rules of Game 188/1 Penalty bench with space for eight players and extra seating for timekeepers, scorer, and announcer.
1931Vancouver Province 17 Jan. 7/1 Two Vancouver players [were] in the penalty box. 1954F. C. Avis Soccer Reference Dict. 90 Penalty Box: see Penalty Area. 1963Calgary Herald 11 Nov. 9/2 Alex Faulkner was in the penalty box serving a major penalty for high-sticking Montreal's Ralph Backstrom and drawing blood. 1972‘E. Lathen’ Murder without Icing vi. 62 Paul Imrie fought for the sheer joy of it. He was a constant occupant of the penalty box, he was always being thrown out of games. 1976E. Dunphy Only a Game? ii. 39 Both goals were breakaways, starting from their own penalty box.
1897Encycl. Sport I. 516/2 A penalty bully is given for deliberately unfair play by the defending side in their own circle. 1909Westm. Gaz. 12 Oct. 12/2 It is rarely that a penalty-bully is given in first-class hockey. 1935Encycl. Sports 347/2 If necessary, time of play shall be extended to admit of a penalty bully being played, or completed. 1974Rules of Game 183/5 Extra time is allowed to take a penalty bully if half or full time is already completed.
1958Listener 25 Dec. 1094/2 The card would have been a penalty card as well. 1959Ibid. 30 Apr. 765/3 Declarer can, in fact, treat the remaining cards of either defender as penalty cards. 1963Ibid. 24 Jan. 186/2 Declarer could have..treated the card led as a penalty card. 1964Official Encycl. Bridge 418/1 Penalty card, a card that has been prematurely exposed by a defender, and must be left face up on the table until legally played or permitted to be picked up.
1908Westm. Gaz. 12 June 9/3 Mr. Hunter is the only surviving ‘penalty-carrier’. His handicap is plus 2, while Mr. Scrutton has an allowance of fourteen strokes. 1935Wodehouse Luck of Bodkins xv. 170 The first thing she would do, if she was a sensible kid, would be to go to her lawyer and have a contract drawn up and signed, with penalty clauses. 1967S. Woodgate in Wills & Yearsley Handbk. Managem. Technol. 74 Some costs increase as the project duration increases, e.g. overheads, penalty clauses, lost revenue, etc. 1969K. Giles Death cracks Bottle i. 13 The new part was accomplished in one cyclonic burst—five months from a standing start with penalty clauses. 1976E. Ward Hanged Man xxviii. 179 The main contractors had a big penalty clause on me and hired Dieter to frighten off skilled labour so they could collect.
1935Encycl. Sports 347/1 Rule 16 shall also apply to a penalty corner. 1967J. Potter Foul Play xiii. 152 The defence conceded one goal, after the opposition had been awarded a much deserved penalty corner. 1974Rules of Game 183/5 Penalty corners are awarded against defenders for deliberately playing the ball over the goal line [etc.]. 1897Daily News 31 May 2/6 All their resources will be taxed to the utmost to get their orders completed before ‘penalty-day’.
1959Listener 30 July 190/1 The theory of the responsive double is that the hand on which one would want to make a penalty double..is of much lower frequency than the hand..when one might prefer to give a picture of general values. 1964Official Encycl. Bridge 135/2 The two main categories [of doubles] are penalty doubles and take-out doubles.
1879Postal Laws U.S. §147 Requisitions for postage-stamps, stamped-envelopes,..and official penalty-envelopes are required to be made upon printed forms. 1903N.Y. Times 29 Aug. 5/1 The officials of the District Government were not entitled to the use of the mails like other Federal officials who use penalty envelopes. 1917J. A. Moss Officers' Manual (ed. 6) xxv. 272 Official letters are mailed in penalty envelopes. 1967J. Potter Foul Play ii. 25 One of the umpires..: the one, in fact, who had awarded a short corner instead of a penalty flick. 1977Cleethorpes News 6 May 32/2 Skegness..lost..on penalty flicks to Scunthorpe last year.
1891Daily News 30 Nov. 4/7 Yorkshire beat Lancashire..by the narrow margin of a penalty goal to nothing. 1951Sport 27 Apr.–3 May 4/1 The Oakwell Reds would have welcomed the compensation of a penalty-goal in their 6–0 setback at Maine Road. 1979Times 12 Dec. 9/6 Penalty goals rather than tries continue to decide most matches.
1895Pall Mall G. 15 Oct. 9/1 It is..impossible that they could have done anything with their penalty handicaps against such a return as this.
1889Daily News 28 Nov. 6/6 Each side had a penalty kick. 1897Encycl. Sport I. 434/1 The referee shall award the opposing side a penalty kick. 1925[see equalize v. 4 b]. 1960E. S. & W. J. Higham High Speed Rugby 180 There may come a stage in a game when taking a penalty kick at goal is waste of time. 1971Referee's Chart (Football Assoc.) 30 When a penalty-kick is being taken the Referee must not give the signal for the restart until the players have taken up the position ordered by the Law. 1974Rules of Game 159/4 The penalty kick is taken from or behind where the offense occurred.
1962Kingston (Ontario) Whig-Standard 14 Dec. 10/1 Not only was Westfall one of the best defencemen in the league, a good point man on the power play and a penalty killer of the first order, but he took over a left wing position just before his departure. 1966Hockey News 1 Jan. 13/2 He is an accomplished man on the power play and is among the top penalty killers in the league. 1968Globe & Mail (Toronto) 15 Jan. 21/1 Three seasons I spent in the National Hockey League exclusively as a penalty killer.
1963Kingston (Ontario) Whig-Standard 6 May 11/4 Winger Bill Glashan stepped up from his penalty-killing role to score twice for Flyers. 1963Hockey Illustr. Dec. 38/2 If I took him off penalty killing and put him on the power play he'd score 40 goals a year. 1970Globe & Mail (Toronto) 26 Sept. 35/1 He is the centre on a checking line, a headliner on the penalty-killing unit. 1975Cleveland (Ohio) Plain Dealer 6 Apr. 10–C/1 Their power play, keyed by Gordie, is one of the best in the league and the penalty killing, once again led by Howe, is one of the best in the league.
1929Evening News 18 Nov. 13/3 The penalty lines and the touch lines were not visible. 1959Listener 2 Apr. 613/3 He would not consider a penalty pass as his trick-taking capacity was far too slender. 1964Official Encycl. Bridge 420/1 Penalty pass, a pass by a player after a take-out double from his partner and a pass by right-hand opponent. 1974Rules of Game 49/2 The competition is won by the finalist with the least penalty points. 1977New Yorker 10 Oct. 150/2 The umpire could have assessed him a penalty point for unsportsmanlike conduct.
1956S. Hope Diggers' Paradise 98 All workers when they ‘work back’—do overtime—come on to ‘penalty rates’ as they are called. 1973Bulletin (Sydney) 25 Aug. 3/3 We will expect to be dealt with on exactly the same basis as any other Commonwealth public servant, i.e. a 363/4-hour-week, penalty rates for overtime, annual leave, sick leave, [etc.].
1937F. N. S. Creek Assoc. Football vi. 166 Penalty Spot. 1948B. Steel How to play Football xvii. 144 As he strode back to take up position for the kick, the wind blew the ball from the penalty spot. 1960G. Green in Fabian & Green Assoc. Football III. viii. 55 Goalkeepers now have to remain stationary on their line until the ball is actually struck from the penalty spot. 1974Rules of Game 183/3 It [sc. a penalty stroke in hockey] is taken from the penalty spot by an attacker. 1975Evening News (Edinburgh) (Sports Final ed.) 15 Mar. 10/1 Fairley netted from the penalty spot. 1977Daily Mirror 12 Apr. 28/5 Masson had scored from the penalty spot after Coventry's Brian Roberts and Alan Dugdale combined to push Peter Eastoe to the ground.
1895W. T. Linskill Golf (ed. 3) 45 A penalty stroke shall not be counted the stroke of a player, and shall not affect the rotation of play. 1970H. Taylor Golf Dict. 153 Penalty stroke, an additional stroke debited to a player (e.g. for unauthorized touching of the ball). 1974Rules of Game 183/4 If the ball halts outside the circle or passes out of it, the penalty stroke is ended. 1977Sunday Times 9 Jan. 30/6 England..gave away two silly goals, and were then denied an obvious penalty stroke. 1977Guardian 10 Mar. 27/5 Manchester will consider themselves unlucky to have been denied a penalty stroke when the score stood at 1–1.
1909Westm. Gaz. 20 Mar. 14/2 Penalty trick scores incurred during the play of a rubber are not irretrievably gone. 1923P. Trevor Rugby Union Football xi. 149 The awarding of a penalty try is an occasional happening. 1936H. B. T. Wakelam Rugby Football i. 4 The only other means by which the score can be increased is the very rare penalty try, awarded only under very exceptional circumstances by the referee, upon his deciding that a proper try would have been put on had it not been for some exceptionally flagrant breach of the laws by the opposition. 1959in V. Jenkins Lions Down Under (1960) xiv. 206 A penalty-try,..the first (as far as is known) ever awarded to a touring team visiting New Zealand. 1960Penalty-try [see in-goal]. 1976W. Reyburn All about Rugby Football vii. 109 Penalty try, awarded when, in the opinion of the referee, a player would have scored had he not been obstructed by a defender; most commonly when both are chasing a ball kicked over the goal line. Conversion of a penalty try is taken from in front of the posts, no matter where it is awarded. |