| 释义 |
respiration|rɛspɪˈreɪʃən|
Also 5 -cioun, 6 -cion.
[ad. L. respīrātiōn-em, noun of action f. respīrāre to respire. So F. respiration (15th c.), Sp. respiracion, It. re-, rispirazione.]
1. a. The action of breathing († out); the inspiration and expiration of air. artificial respiration: see artificial a. 5.
c1430Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 196 Ayer of nature yevith inspiracioun,..Off kyndly heete gevyth respiracioun. 1543Traheron Vigo's Chirurg. 95/1 It swageth payn, and clenseth the place, and aydeth respiration, or breathing. 1577Harrison England iii. ix. (1877) i. 65 Liuelie creatures shut vp in the hard stones, and liuing there without respiration or breathing, as frogs, todes, &c. 1615Crooke Body of Man 793 Life cannot bee maintayned without Respiration, neither can Respiration bee performed without motion. 1665–6Pepys Diary 22 Jan., What, among other fine discourse, pleased me most, was Sir G. Ent about Respiration. 1710J. Clarke tr. Rohault's Nat. Philos. (1729) I. 77 The sucking in of Air through a Quill is done in the same manner as Respiration. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) VI. 171 Though this be the general method of explaining respiration in fishes [etc.]. 1826S. Cooper First Lines Surg. (ed. 5) 422 Unless he bend his body very much forwards, in order to facilitate respiration. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 80 The respiration of animals depends upon the presence of oxygen.
transf.a1649Crashaw Carmen Deo Nostro Poems (1904) 289 A long and dayly-dying life, which breaths A respiration of reviving deaths. 1684Contempl. St. Man ii. vi. (1699) 196 That Fire of Sulphur, being pent in without vent or respiration, shall send forth a poysonous scent. 1814Wordsworth Excursion viii. 365 Sails Which..Pass with the respirations of the tide. 1878Longfellow Birds of Passage v. Vittoria Colonna viii, The respiration of the sea, The soft caresses of the air.
b. A respiratory murmur.
1834J. Forbes Laennec's Dis. Chest 475 In the same place imperfect pectoriloquy, and also cavernous respiration, existed.
c. Bot. The process by which a plant absorbs oxygen from the air, and gives out carbon dioxide.
1831Burnett in Jrnl. R. Institution I. 100 This function, which is performed chiefly by the leaves and petals,..is attended with..the conversion of oxygen into carbonic acid; it is the respiration of plants. 1849J. H. Balfour Man. Bot. §282 The changes which are produced in the atmosphere by living plants have been included under the title of Vegetable Respiration. 1882Vines tr. Sachs' Bot. 717 The dried weight of the plant is very small..because a portion of the substance has been destroyed in the process of respiration.
d. Biochem. and Biol. The biochemical and cellular processes by which absorbed oxygen is combined with carbon in the organism to form carbon dioxide and generate energy; more widely, any metabolic process in which energy is produced by the net transfer of electrons from a substrate to an external oxidant (usu. called anærobic respiration when this is not free oxygen); also extended to include energy-producing metabolic processes (fermentations) not involving a separate oxidant.
1856J. C. Morris tr. Lehmann's Man. Chem. Physiol. 272 This exchange of oxygen and carbonic acid, which we improperly call respiration, is not confined to any single spot of the organism. 1880A. Gamgee Text-bk. Physiol. Chem. Animal Body I. ix. 366 The respiration of muscles during contraction. 1900A. J. Ewart tr. Pfeffer's Physiol. Plants I. ix. 546 (heading) The relationship between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Ibid. 549 The actual anaerobic respiration (or fermentation) continues unchecked. 1908Hall & Defren tr. Aberhalden's Text-bk. Physiol. Chem. xviii. 412 It [sc. the blood] takes the oxygen from the lungs and gives it up to the tissues. The first gas-exchange is commonly spoken of as external respiration, and the latter as internal respiration. 1929R. A. Gortner Outl. Biochem. viii. 386 In the dark the respiration of cells is inhibited by carbon monoxide. 1934A. T. Henrici Biol. of Bacteria xi. 174 Those processes which yield energy for the organism are respiration. Ibid. 184 A great many, probably all, microörganisms capable of growing either as strict or facultative anaerobes..may obtain energy by this intermolecular respiration, by a simultaneous oxidation of one compound and reduction of another. 1949Kelly & Hite Microbiology xiv. 175 The phenomenon of ‘life without air’ has since [Pasteur's time] been explained by the study of anaerobic respiration or fermentation. 1965G. A. Strafford Essent. Plant Physiol. viii. 131 Fermentation is the form of anaerobic respiration carried out by some fungi and bacteria. 1970Ambrose & Easty Cell Biol. vi. 183 The pyruvic acid is used for respiration (oxidation of carbon to CO2) in the mitochondria. 1974Nature 13 Dec. 579/1 The enzymes responsible for the first step in nitrate assimilation and for nitrate respiration are the nitrate reductases, both these processes involving the conversion of nitrate to nitrite.
2. A single act of breathing.
c1611Chapman Iliad xxii. 413 When again her respirations found Free pass. 1648Wilkins Math. Magic ii. v. 184 In an hower a man will need at least 360 respirations. 1707Floyer Physic. Pulse-Watch 431 Measuring the Number of Pulses by the Number of Respirations. 1836Landor Imag. Conv., Pericles & Aspasia Wks. 1846 II. 393 These are not regrets, Cleone; they are respirations, necessary to existence. 1876J. S. Bristowe Th. & Pract. Med. (1878) 186 The respirations are generally slightly increased in number during the earlier period of the disease.
3. Opportunity for breathing again (cf. respire v. 3); a breathing-space; a respite. ? Obs.
1611Bible Esther iv. 14 Then shall there enlargement [marg. respiration] and deliuerance arise to the Iews. 1649Bp. Hall Cases Consc. iv. vi. (1654) 348 Some meet respiration of a more full triall and inquiry into each others condition. 1696S. Patrick Comm. Exod. xxiii. (1697) 448 God now gave them some rest, and respiration..from their employments. 1752Johnson Rambler No. 205 ⁋13 Such were the days which Seged of Ethiopia had appropriated to a short respiration from the fatigues of war.
†4. An inspiration. Obs. rare—1.
1622Donne Serm. cliv. Wks. 1839 VI. 184 Sometimes it is hard to distinguish between a Respiration from God and a Suggestion from the Devil.
5. attrib., as respiration rate.
1929R. A. Gortner Outl. Biochem. viii. 242 The sudden rise in respiration rate may be due to the fact that at, or below, 14·75 per cent moisture all, or practically all, of the moisture in the wheat kernel is in the form of bound water. 1970Ambrose & Easty Cell Biol. ii. 89 An apparatus originally designed by Warburg can be used to measure respiration rates.
Hence respiˈrational a., relating to respiration (Ogilvie Suppl. 1855). |