| 释义 |
particularism|pəˈtɪkjʊlərɪz(ə)m|
[a. F. particularisme (Bossuet, 17th c., in sense 1), or ad. mod.L. particularismus, Ger. partikularismus: see particular and -ism.]
1. Theol. The doctrine of particular election or particular redemption (see particular A. 2 d); the dogma that Divine grace is provided for or offered to a selected part, not the whole, of the human race.
a1828Murdock cited in Webster. 1847Buch tr. Hagenbach's Hist. Doctr. II. 255 The Calvinists..adopted the notion of particular redemption (Particularism). 1969J. E. Dittes in Lindzey & Aronson Handbk. Social Psychol. (ed. 2) V. 633 Religious ideology tends to promote a concept of social exclusiveness or ‘particularism’..especially with notions of..special election as a member of a divinely chosen group.
2. Exclusive attachment or devotion to one's particular party, sect, nation, etc.; exclusiveness.
1824Coleridge in Lit. Rem. (1838) III. 82 A jealous spirit of monopoly and particularism, counterfeiting catholicity by a negative totality. 1828Pusey Hist. Enq. i. 144 The sole object of the Epistle to the Romans was to oppose the particularism of the Jews. 1845Geo. Eliot in Cross Life (1885) I. 135 ‘Habits of thought’ is not a translation of the word particularismus... If he decidedly objects to particularism, ask him to be so good as substitute exclusiveness. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 36 An abstract principle..strong enough to override all the particularisms of mankind. 1955Bull. Atomic Sci. Apr. 142/2 The humanitarian theme of the two preceding centuries certainly persisted, but universalism yielded step by step to national particularism which was in many respects naïve but which became increasingly noticeable among European scientists and scholars. 1964Welsh Hist. Rev. II. 147 The break⁓down of local particularisms in general elections..was resented in some quarters. 1973Daily Tel. 4 May 18 He attacks the concept of youth particularism, stating that as a group youth has few common interests or problems. 1975New Left Rev. Nov.–Dec. 1 The intrinsically uneven and combined development of capitalism and imperialism were bound to intensify..national particularism and antagonism.
3. Politics. The principle of leaving each state in an empire or federation free to retain its own government, laws and rights, and to promote its own interests, without reference to those of the whole; esp. in German politics after c 1850. Also transf.
1853Tait's Mag. XX. 387 The other..protests against all centralization, seeks to confederate the estates, to establish universal independence, separation and extreme division of powers; which has lately been denominated particularism in Germany. 1869Daily News 22 Apr., The faults and excesses of ‘particularism’—weakness abroad, discord at home, and obstacles in the way of trade and traffic. 1891Spectator 4 July, The majority returned at recent elections [in New South Wales] is believed to be opposed to Federation, and in favour of particularism. 1893Times 15 May 9/5 The old particularism has again attained formidable proportions [in the German Empire]. 1912Q. Rev. Jan. 212 A recognition of Albanian particularism would create a precedent of which all other nationalities would take advantage. 1965Mod. Law Rev. XXVIII. v. 616 He may well be right in affirming that regional particularism..call[s] for a redrawing along provincial lines. 1976M. A. Jones Old World Ties Amer. Ethnic Groups 13 Particularism..had for centuries kept the German states apart.
4. Exclusive attention to a particular subject; specialism.
1872E. Tuckerman Genera Lichenum 1 The marked particularism which has characterized the study of Lichens for the last thirty years. 1936Nature 25 Apr. 681/1 The advance of science is along two roads: the first is in the direction of greater intensity, particularism and of empiricism, and the second, from intensity, particularism and empiricism, towards extensity, generalisation and synthesis.
5. a. Philos. The fact or quality of being concerned with elements that have a particular (as opposed to universal) application, or to which no general standard is applicable.
1939J. Dewey in P. A. Schilpp Philos. J. Dewey 544 In philosophy there is also the need to find an alternative for that combination of atomistic particularism with respect to empirical material and Platonic a priori realism with respect to universals. 1943Mind LII. 140 Almost every philosophical term which connotes a tendency to particularism may be predicated of the Berkeley of this early period. 1963R. M. Hare Freedom & Reason ii. 19 Such a philosopher could indeed embrace..the extremest form of particularism.
b. Sociol. and Econ. In some analyses of social and economic organization, a name that characterizes the particular or fixed nature of a role or element, as contrasted with the universal, general, or mobile nature of other elements or roles.
1949T. Parsons Ess. Sociol. Theory viii. 197 In all these cases though in different ways and degrees, particularism tends to replace universalism. 1951Parsons & Shils Toward Gen. Theory of Action ii. i. 98 The pattern variables most relevant to the description of the normative patterns governing roles..are achievement–ascription and universalism–particularism. 1959B. F. Hoselitz Sociol. Aspects Econ. Growth (1960) ii. 32 We must not expect the principle of particularism in assigning economic roles to appear in complete purity in all societies on a low level of economic advancement. 1964T. Parsons Ess. Sociol. Theory (rev. ed.) 16 On the level of the research techniques he [sc. Weber] used, the broad contrasts, e.g. as between Chinese traditionalistic particularism and Western universalistic ‘rationalism’, were unmistakable. 1969I. Deutscher Marxism in our Time (1971) 190 The growth of bureaucracy was further stimulated by the breaking down of feudal particularism and the formation of a market on a national scale. |