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▪ I. palisade, n.|pælɪˈseɪd|
Also 6 pal(l)aisade, 7 palisad, pallasade, 7–9 pallisade.
[a. F. palissade (15th c. in Hatz.-Darm), f. palisser to enclose with pales: see -ade. Cf. palisado.]
1. a. A fence made of pales or stakes fixed in the ground, forming an enclosure or defence. Also applied to a fence made of iron railings.
1600Holland Livy xxviii. v. 670 The avenues of the forest Thermopylæ..were stopped up by the ætolians with a trench and pallaisade. 1697Dryden æneid xi. 718 Others aid To ram the stones, or raise the palisade. 1788Gibbon Decl. & F. xl. (1846) III. 531 A ditch and palisade might be sufficient to resist the..cavalry. 1885M. E. Braddon Wyllard's Weird I. 4 The wooden palisade had been removed in the progress of the work.
†b. Gardening. A light fence or trellis-work on which trees or shrubs are trained, an espalier; hence transf. a row of trees or shrubs so trained, or a row of trees or shrubs forming a close hedge.
1658Evelyn Fr. Gard. (1675) 14 Concerning espaliers (which I will call palisades) I will shew you several formes of accommodating them. 1712J. James tr. Le Blond's Gardening 21 When the Trees are spread, and the Palisades grown up.
2. Mil. A strong pointed wooden stake, of which a number are fixed deeply in the ground in a close row, either vertical or inclined, as a defence.
1697Dryden æneid vii. 214 And Palisades about the Trenches plac'd. 1777Robertson Hist. Amer. I. ii. 102 The ramparts were fortified with pallisades. 1828J. M. Spearman Brit. Gunner 317 Palisades are 9 feet long, and 6 or 7 inches square. When fixed, they are generally planted 3 feet in the ground and about 3 inches asunder. 1834Tait's Mag. I. 188/2 They..began to dig a trench, and to heap up a mound, on which the palisades they brought with them were to be driven in. 1853Stocqueler Mil. Encycl., Palisades, or Palisadoes, in fortification, stakes made of strong split wood, about nine feet long.
3. fig. Anything resembling or likened to a fence of stakes (or one of such stakes).
a. gen.
1601Holland Pliny xviii. vii. 558 Seed..contained..within eares..defended (as it were) with a pallaisade of eales [ail n.2]. 1713Derham Phys.-Theol. iv. ii. 109 Out of these Cartilages grow a Pallisade of stiff hairs. 1831Carlyle Misc. (1857) II. 325 To drive down more or less effectual palisades against that class of persons. 1865Baroness Bunsen in Hare Life (1879) II. vii. 351 The gigantic palisade of mountains on each side. 1871L. Stephen Playgr. Eur. (1894) v. 122 A vast palissade of blue ice-pinnacles.
†b. A wire supporting the hair, a part of the head-dress fashionable in the early part of the 17th century. Obs.
1690Evelyn Fop-Dict., Palisade, a Wire sustaining the Hair next to the Dutchess, or first Knot.
c. pl. Name for the lofty cliffs extending about 15 miles along the western bank of the Hudson above New York. Also applied to similar formations elsewhere.
1838N. P. Willis Amer. Scen. I. 14 The Palisades—Hudson River... This singular precipice varies in height from fifty to two hundred feet, and presents a naked front of columnar strata, which gives it its descriptive name. 1861N. A. Woods Pr. of Wales in Canada etc. 405 The mighty river [Hudson] at first hemmed in by lofty cliffs, called the Palisades, which, striped with thin red and black strata, look like coloured palings erected by Nature to keep within bounds the stream. 1886A. Winchell Walks Geol. Field 96 High cliffs of basaltic columns, like those exposed on the Hudson and Columbia rivers, are often called palisades.
d. Biol. A region of parallel elongated cells, often at right angles to the surface of the structure of which they form part; esp. the palisade parenchyma of a leaf. Freq. attrib. (see sense 4).
1914M. Drummond tr. Haberlandt's Physiol. Plant Anat. vi. 263 A remarkable modification, and one which is of great importance for the understanding of the palisade form, is the so-called arm-palisade-cell; in this case the palisade, instead of consisting of entire cells, is made up of groups of cell-branches or -arms. 1956R. W. Evans Histol. Appearances of Tumours vi. 79 In one of Chase's tumours the cells tended to form palisades. 1965Bell & Coombe tr. Strasburger's Textbk. Bot. 349 The outer leaves on the southern sunny side of a tree commonly possess a deeper palisade..than the ‘shade leaves’ of the northern side. 1971Nature 19 Feb. 561/1 Here the so-called palisades of Vogt are found: fine radial lines about 1 mm long and four per mm of the corneal circumference. 1972Arch. Dermatol. CVI. 865/3 The schwann cells which are closely aggregated often appear to be arranged in palisades.
4. attrib. and Comb., as palisade-hedge, palisade-tree (see 1 b), palisade-trench; palisade-like adj.; palisade-cell, a cell of the palisade-tissue; palisade-parenchyma, the parenchymatous palisade-tissue of leaves; palisade-tissue, tissue consisting of elongated cells set closely side by side, as the parenchyma immediately below the epidermis of the upper surface in most leaves; palisade-worm, name for various parasitic nematode worms, esp. Strongylus armatus, infesting the horse, and Eustrongylus gigas, infesting various mammals.
1875Bennett & Dyer tr. Sachs' Bot. 657 These changes are usually more complete in the ‘*pallisade-cells’ on the upper side than in the parenchyma which lies deeper.
1664Evelyn Kal. Hort., Feb. Orchard 60 Trim up your *Palisade Hedges, and Espaliers.
1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. II. 62 The rete mucosum between the cells of the *palisade and other layers.
1877Rosenthal Muscles & Nerves 10 Cylindrical cells standing, *palisade-like, side by side.
1884Bower & Scott De Bary's Phaner. 407 Not inappropriately designated palisade-cells, or *palisade-parenchyma.
1875Bennett & Dyer tr. Sachs' Bot. 465 The chlorophyll-tissue..is developed on the upper side of the leaves..as the so-called *Pallisade-tissue.
1699Evelyn Kal. Hort., Jan. Orchard (ed. 9) 15 Keep your Wall and *Palisade-Trees from mounting too hastily.
1935Proc. Prehistoric Soc. I. 124 In this barrow the posts (set in a *palisade-trench) were smaller. 1963W. F. Grimes in Foster & Alcock Culture & Environment v. 142 The entrance took the form of a passage between the ends of the bank which was defined by narrow trenches resembling palisade-trenches.
1888Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 685 Strongylus armatus, the *palisade Worm..is a common cause of aneurism,..in the Horse and Ass.
▪ II. palisade, v.|pælɪˈseɪd|
Forms: see prec.
[f. prec. n.]
trans. To furnish, surround, enclose, or fortify with a palisade or palisades; to fence in. Also absol., and fig.
1632Lithgow Trav. viii. 349 The Ditch..is mainly pallasaded with wooden stakes. 1719London & Wise Compl. Gard. i. 2 There is daily some new Thing to be done, as to Sow, Plant, Prune, Pallisade. 1796H. Hunter tr. St.-Pierre's Stud. Nat. (1799) I. 269 Jaws palisaded with teeth. 1850Fraser's Mag. XLII. 10 The frowning cliffs that palisade the shore.
Hence paliˈsaded ppl. a., (a) enclosed or fortified with a palisade; (b) Med., consisting of, or arranged as in, a palisade (palisade n. 3 d); paliˈsading vbl. n., (a) the action of furnishing or surrounding with a palisade; concr. a palisade, paling; (b) Med., arrangement of cells in a palisade.
1719London & Wise Compl. Gard. 188 This Method of Pallisading has seldom or never been us'd in England. 1804C. B. Brown tr. Volney's View Soil U.S. 356 Five pallisaded forts..were the only stages in this journey. 1845Jrnl. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XIV. 257 Running a light palisading between two precipices. 1890‘R. Boldrewood’ Miner's Right (1899) 75/1 A stout palisaded fence was at once run across the neck..on the side facing the diggings. 1951M. S. McKeehan in Jrnl. Exper. Zool. CXVII. 39 During the period of nuclear orientation, the lens ectoderm rapidly changes from a cuboidal to a high columnar epithelium. This phenomenon may be called ‘palisading’. 1956R. W. Evans Histol. Appearances of Tumours xvi. 300 When palisading is present it is usually a conspicuous microscopical feature. Ibid. xix. 403 This palisaded columnar epithelium lies in contact with the adjacent fibrous tissue. 1966Wright & Symmers Systemic Path. II. xxxviii. 1435/1 The zones of necrosis..are surrounded by radially oriented (‘palisaded’) connective tissue cells. 1972Arch. Dermatol. CVI. 865/1 The palisaded, encapsulated neuroma is a..benign cutaneous tumor. 1974Nature 18 Jan. 145/1 This ‘palisading’ gives the lens anlage a regular appearance, but individual cells may deviate considerably from the columnar shape. |