| 释义 |
original, a. and n.|ɒˈrɪdʒɪnəl|
[a. F. original (13th c. in Hatz.-Darm.), ad. L. orīgināl-is, f. orīgin-em: see origin. Cf. F. originel, used in some of the senses, e.g. péché originel original sin.]
A. adj.
1. a. Of or pertaining to the origin, beginning, or earliest stage of something; that belonged at the beginning to the person or thing in question; that existed at first, or has existed from the first; primary, primitive; innate; initial, first, earliest.
1390Gower Conf. III. 106 The lawe original, Which he hath set in the natures. 1592H. Chettle Kinde-harts Dr. To Rdr., I am as sory, as if the originall fault had beene my fault. 1597Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. lii. §3 The very first originall Element of our nature. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. i. 91 This is th' Orig'nal Contract; these the Laws Impos'd by Nature, and by Nature's Cause. 1751Johnson Rambler No. 156 ⁋1 The re-establishment of its original constitution. 1794Paley Evid. i. §1 (1817) 15 Persons professing to be original witnesses of other miracles. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. ii. I. 237 Oates..soon added a large supplement to his original narrative. 1879G. C. Harlan Eyesight ii. 15 The original color of the iris is blue, and depends not upon a pigment, or coloring matter, but upon what opticians call an ‘interference phenomenon’. 1900Bookseller's Catal., Sm. folio,..in the original calf.
b. original sin (Theol.): the innate depravity, corruption, or evil tendency of man's nature, in all individuals of the human race, held to be inherited from Adam in consequence of the Fall. Opposed to actual sin: see actual 1, quots. 1315–1534. (The earliest use of the word in English.)
c1315Shoreham (E.E.T.S.) 102/105 Oryginale þys senne hys cleped, For man of kende hyt takeþ. a1340Hampole Psalter l. 6, I am haldyn wiþ þe filth of originall syn. 1390Gower Conf. III. 1 The grete Senne original, Which every man in general Upon his berthe hath envenymed. 1471Ripley Comp. Alch. iv. iii. in Ashm. (1652) 144 Clensyd from hys orygynall Syn. 1562Articles of Religion ix, Of Original or Birth-sin. 1577J. Northbrooke Dicing (1843) 5 The lambe that taketh away our sinnes, original and actual. 1647Cowley Mistress, Innocent Ill ii, Though in thy Thoughts scarce any Tracks have been, So much as of Original Sin. 1702tr. Le Clerc's Prim. Fathers 27 The Pagans knew nothing of what was called since, Original Sin. 1888Bryce Amer. Commw. (1889) II. xciv. 464 Experience,..whether it talks of Original Sin or adopts some less scholastic phrase, will recognize that the tendencies to evil in human nature are..as various and abiding even in the most civilised societies, as its impulses to good.
c. transf. That is such from the beginning, or by birth; ‘a born {ddd}’. rare.
1720De Foe Capt. Singleton x. (1840) 172, I..was..an original thief, and a pirate..by inclination. 1722― Col. Jack (1840) 4 He was an original rogue. 1894Ian Maclaren Bonnie Brier Bush iv. iv. 159 Elspeth,..div ye ken that ye're an oreeginal sinner?
†2.
a. ? Having the same origin; sprung from the same stock, or native of the same place. rare—1.
14..Sir Beues (MS. M) 104/2138 He louid me moste ouer alle, Wyth him I am oryginall.
†b. With upon: Having its origin in, originating from. Obs. rare—1.
1679Kid in Hickes Spir. Popery (1680) 9 Not only Prelacy, Popery, Malignancy and Heresie, but Supremacy, and every thing Original upon and derivate from it.
3. a. That is the origin or source of something; from which something arises, proceeds, or is derived; primary; originative. (Now usually associated with or merged in 1.)
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xviii. i. (1495) 737 An vnresonable beest..the face therof boweth towarde the erthe, that is the origynall and materyall matere wherof it comyth. 1509Hawes Past. Pleas. viii. (Percy Soc.) 32 For you therof were fyrst originall ground. 1551Bible Rom. Prol., The rote and orygynall fountayne of all synne. 1664H. More Myst. Iniq. ix. 27 There is another fraud, and indeed the more principal and original one, in the distribution of these Excellencies immediately into three. 1741–2Gray Agrip. 92 Shake her own creation To its original atoms. 1861M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 30 A writer..who goes back beyond the printed annalists to original and documentary authorities. 1872Wharton's Law Lex. (ed. 5), Original and derivative estates. An original is the first of several estates, bearing to each other the relation of a particular estate and a reversion.
†b. original writ (in Law): a writ issuing from the Court of Chancery, which formed the beginning or foundation of a real action at common law; also applied to certain writs for other purposes.[1334Rolls Parlt. II. 82 Le Brief originall n'est my meinteinable par Ley saunz nomer son Baron.] 1467–8Rolls of Parlt. V. 633/1 That Information so gyven, stand and be in place of Bille or Writte oryginall. 1641Act 17 Chas. I, c. 10 By Process made by Writ Original at the Common Law. 1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v. Writ, Original Writs are those sent out of the high court of chancery, to summon the defendant in a personal, or tenant in a real action; either before the suit begins, or to begin the suit thereby. 1848Wharton Law Lex. s.v., Original writs differ from each other in their tenor, according to the nature of the plaintiff's complaint, and are conceived in fixed and certain forms.
c. spec. Applied to anything in relation to that which is a representation or reproduction of it; e.g. said of a writing or drawing in relation to a copy or translation of it, of an object in relation to a picture of it, etc. (Cf. B. 3.)
1631Gouge God's Arrows i. §41. 66 The originall word translated wrath, signifieth a fervor, fiercenesse, or vehemency of anger. 1659Bp. Walton Consid. Considered 14 The Original Texts are not corrupted either by Jews, Christians, or others. 1688Col. Rec. Pennsylv. I. 231 As to y⊇ Delivery of y⊇ Originall Letters or Instructions. Mod. It may be a misprint; you had better examine the original document. This is only a copy; the original picture is in ―'s collection.
4. Produced by or proceeding from some thing or person directly; not derivative or dependent:
a. Proceeding immediately from its source, or having its source in itself; not arising from or depending on any other thing of the kind; underived, independent.
1792R. Guy Pract. Obs. Cancers 27 When these..arise from no apparent Cause, they may be deemed original Affections. 1822–34Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 441, I mean where the hooping-cough is original. 1877E. R. Conder Bas. Faith ix. 400 In an original (that is, independent) and perfect moral being—such as we conceive God to be.
b. Made, composed, or done by the person himself (not imitated from another); first-hand.
1700Dryden Pref. Fables (Globe) 495, I have added some original papers of my own. 1818Hallam Mid. Ages (1872) I. ii. 205 The exclusive exercise of original judicature in their dominions. 1857Ruskin Pol. Econ. Art i. (1868) 54 There is a certain quality about an original drawing which you cannot get in a woodcut. 1900G. C. Brodrick Mem. & Impr. 182 Apostles of ‘mature study and original research’.
c. original print, a print made directly from a master image on wood, stone, metal, etc., which is executed by the artist himself, printed by him or under his supervision and, in recent times, usually signed by him.
1961What is an Original Print? (Print Council of Amer.) 9 An original print is a work of graphic art, the general requirements of which are: 1. The artist alone has made the image in or upon the plate, stone, wood block or other material, for the purpose of creating a work of graphic art. 2. The impression is made directly from that original material, by the artist or pursuant to his directions. 3. The finished print is approved by the artist. Ibid. 12 The difference in the price commanded by an original print and a reproduction acknowledged as such is largely a reflection of the difference in their aesthetic qualities. 1965Zigrosser & Gaehde Guide to Collecting Original Prints ii. 14 When we speak of an original print, we mean that the artist both conceived and executed it. 1970P. Gilmore Mod. Prints 7 Several committees between 1960 and 1965 tried variously to define, protect, and elevate the ‘original’ print, always equating it with artist handwork. 1970Studio Internat. June 283/3 These [assemblage] prints look just as individual as most original prints. 1972J. Heller Printmaking Today (ed. 2) p. v, The ‘original’ print has become a significant feature of contemporary life.
5. a. Having the quality of that which proceeds from oneself, or from the direct exercise of one's own faculties, without imitation of or dependence on others; such as has not been done or produced before; novel or fresh in character or style.
1756–82J. Warton Ess. Pope I. iii. 192 Dante wrote his sublime and original poem, which is a kind of satirical Epic. 1808Med. Jrnl. XIX. 209, I send you the following observations, not because they are new or original, but because I conceive them to be useful. 1882H. C. Merivale Faucit of B. I. vi. 97 Even on the perplexing mysteries of Aristotle's Ethics he could throw an original light.
b. transf. Of a person: Capable of original ideas or actions; given to the direct and independent exercise of the faculties in thinking or acting; that does things not known to have been done before; inventive, creative.
1803Syd. Smith Wks. (1859) I. 35/2 There are very few original eyes and ears. The great mass see and hear as they are directed by others. 1840Carlyle Heroes ii. (1858) 219 Such a man is what we call an original man; he comes to us at first hand. A messenger he, sent from the Infinite Unknown with tidings to us. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 192 A great original genius struggling with unequal conditions of knowledge.
¶6. original vein: ? error for organical vein.
1486Bk. St. Albans C iv b, Do let hir [a hawk] blode in the Origynal vayne, and after that yeue hir a frogge for to eete, and she shall be hooll.
7. Comb., as original-minded (see 5 b).
1801Southey in Robberds Mem. W. Taylor I. 384 For financial..subjects, I think Rickman might be put down, a most original-minded and strong-headed man.
B. n.
1. a. The fact of arising or being derived from something; origination, derivation; = origin n. 1. Now rare or arch.
1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) II. 153 Englische men other Saxones toke theire originalle of Germanye. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 94 The cause and originall of that sedition, was declared also foure yeares synce. 1646Evelyn Mem. (1857) I. 243 It is from these sources that the Rhone and the Rhine..derive their originals. 1726Leoni tr. Alberti's Archit. II. 69/2 The Circus and Amphitheatre..all owe their original to the Theatre. 1818Hallam Mid. Ages (1872) I. ii. 315 note, Some word of barbarous original. 1873Rogers Orig. Bible (1875) App. 445 The first verse simply ascribes the original of all things to the will of God.
b. Of persons: Descent, extraction, parentage; = origin n. 1 b. Now rare or arch.
1555Eden Decades 27 The people are verye fierse and warlyke men, hauing theyr original of the canybales. 1682Bunyan Holy War 5 We will..discourse of the Original of this Diabolus. c1730in Skene Highlanders (1837) I. 156 These are subdivided into smaller branches of fifty or sixty men, who deduce their original from their particular chieftains. 1784J. Potter Virtuous Villagers I. 147 Notwithstanding his mean original, he was not satisfied with upwards of three hundred pounds a year.
†c. Anat. The fact of springing or arising (as a nerve, vein, etc.) from some part; also concr. = origin n. 2 b. Obs.
1578Banister Hist. Man viii. 105 Their [the nerves] originall is from the seate or foundation of the brayne. 1612Woodall Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 20 All veins have their original in the liver. 1668Culpepper & Cole Barthol. Anat. ii. iv. 93 The Pleura having taken its Original about the Back.
†d. Beginning, commencement, earliest stage (without reference to source or derivation). Obs.
1526Skelton Magnyf. 120 By measure all thynge is wrought As at the first orygynall. 1570–6Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) 247 Touching the originall, proceeding, and event of these wars, I willingly spare to speake muche. 1690Locke Hum. Und. iii. x. §2 Words, that.. will be found, in their first Original..not to stand for any clear..Ideas. 1753E. Carter (title) The History of the University of Cambridge from its Original to the Year 1753.
†e. Applied by Wyntoun to his chronicle or history: see quot. Obs.
c1425Wyntoun Cron. i. i, The tytil of this tretis hale I wyll be caulde Orygynale; For that begynning sall mak clere Be playne proces owre matere.
2. a. The thing (or person) from which something else arises or proceeds; a source, cause; = origin n. 2; an originator, author. Now rare or arch. in general sense: see 3.
c1386Chaucer Pard. T. 172 O cause first of oure confusion, O original of oure dampnacion. 1443Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 209 Misericordia, ground and original Of this processe, Pax is conclusioun. 1535Coverdale Ecclus. x. 13 Pryde is the origenall of all synne. 1658Sir T. Browne Hydriot. Introd. (1736) 3 Of the Opinion of Thales, that Water was the Original of all Things. 1712Addison Hymn, ‘The Spacious Firmament’, Spangled Heav'ns, a Shining Frame, Their great Original proclaim. 1893Stevenson Catriona iv. 44 A fomenter of discontent, and..the unmistakeable original of the deed in question.
b. Law. = original writ: see A. 3 b.
[1354Rolls of Parlt. II. 259/1 A receivre les Briefs, si bien Originals de la Chauncellerie come Judicials souz les Seals des Justices.] 1450Ibid. V. 201/1 Such juggement..as they shuld have upon eny originall sued ayenst hym by the cours of the comon lawes. 1523Act 14 & 15 Hen. VIII, c. 1 The person..that will first sue for the same, by originall of dette. 1848Wharton Law Lex. s.v. Process, In other cases their processes or modes of commencing the suits were as follows:—..By original..By bill.
3. A thing (or person) in relation to something else which is a copy, imitation, or representation of it; the pattern, archetype.
a. A writing or literary work (less commonly, a phrase or word) in its relation to another which is a translation of it, or (quot. 1869) which reproduces, or is founded upon, its statements.
c1385Chaucer L.G.W. 1558 Hypsip., Ye get no more of me, but ye wol rede The original that telleth al the case. 1412–20Lydg. Chron. Troy i. v, Though my makyng be the same in all As Guido wryteth in his oryginall. 1595Copley Wits, Fits, & Fancies 79 Your selfe being the Originall, what would you doe with the translation? 1611Bible Luke xvi. 7 marg., The word here interpreted measures, in the originall conteineth about foureteene bushels and a pottle. 1790Paley Horæ Paul. vi, The resemblance is more visible in the original than in our translation. 1869J. Martineau Ess. II. 99 He would..sustain himself by continual appeal to his originals. 1873Lodge Note Pallad. on Husb. v. 118 The original is ‘proximam tenui atque jejunæ’.
b. The primary or earlier writing or document of which another is a copy or transcript.
1494in Sharp Cov. Myst. (1825) 15 note, Paid to John Harryes for berying of þe Orygynall þat day, vjd. 1591Lambarde Archeion (1635) 48 The Chancellor hath also the Seale of simple Justice and keepeth (as it were) the Forge and Shop of all Originals. 1604E. G[rimstone] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies iii. xiii. 161 They carried the copie to the King of Spaine, and the original to their viceroy of Peru. 1776Trial Nundocomar 98/2, I never shewed him the original, before I shewed him the copy. 1875Scrivener Lect. Text N. Test. 5 When several transcripts have to be taken from the same original.
c. The object or person represented by a picture or image; a picture or other work of art in its relation to a copy of it.
1624Gataker Transubst. 82 Of the Image there must needs be some originall. 1726Leoni Alberti's Archit. III. 25/2 Copying other mens work, as being originals more constant..than any living object. 1781Cowper Charity 433 Such was the portrait an apostle drew, The bright original was one he knew. 1855Prescott Philip II, i. iii. (1857) 52 She has sent her a portrait of the prince from the pencil of Titian, which she was to return so soon as she was in possession of the living original.
d. gen. and fig.
1670Cotton Espernon iii. ix. 443 There can be no so dreadful Original, from whence pleasant Copies are not to be taken. 1692Dryden Eleonora 300 And, could there be A copy near the original, 'twas she. 1730A. Gordon Maffei's Amphith. 149 An Original for the others to copy from. 1892Gardiner Student's Hist. Eng. 12 Cunobelin, the original of Shakspere's Cymbeline.
e. An image or impression produced during an actual photographing or recording session from which copies may subsequently be made.
1918H. Seymour Reprod. Sound 16 At first, every record sold to the public was an original, or what is technically described as a ‘master’, but means were soon found by which copies could be secured from the master. 1949Frayne & Wolfe Elem. Sound Recording xiv. 266 Making the master from the original is a process involving several operations. 1970A. Fowles Dupe Negative xiv. 196 This type of film doesn't have a negative... The piece of film that actually runs through the camera is called the original..from which all subsequent prints are struck. 1971L. B. Happé Basic Motion Picture Technol. ix. 277 (caption) Duplicates from reversal originals.
4. a. A writing, picture, or other work produced first-hand by the author or maker; a work of literature or art that is not a copy or imitation; an original portrait.
1683D. A. Art of Converse Pref., Of this Treatise, I shall only add, 'tis an Original. 1762–71H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Paint. (1786) III. 221 He sold many of his pieces for originals by Italian hands. 1825Scott Diary 20 Nov. in Lockhart, Both these great connoisseurs were very nearly..agreed that there are no absolutely undoubted originals of Queen Mary.
b. spec. in Fashion and haute couture, a garment specially designed by a couture house for exhibition in a collection, or a copy of such a garment made to order. Also Mus. (usu. jazz), a piece written by the performer(s).
1946B. G. Chambers Keys to Fashion Career x. 86 Partner and designer of the firm of Young Originals. 1957M. B. Picken Fashion Dict. 238 Original, a garment designed in and produced by a couture house, bearing the label of the house. It is usually a duplication made to order of the model shown in the collection. Each order is called a ‘repeat’ by the couture house. 1966Crescendo Oct. 22/3 The Monk Quartet was playing originals—‘Hackensack’, ‘Rhythm-A-Ning’ and ‘Epistrophy’. 1967Melody Maker 28 Jan. 15/5 The material is a nice mixture of originals, blues and ballads. 1975R. H. Rimmer Premar Experiments (1976) ii. 195 My sister, wearing Pucci originals. 1976Observer 22 Feb. 32/5 (Advt.), Anna Belinda announce that until February 28th they will continue to add a further distinction to their hand-made originals in silks, velvets and Liberty prints.
5. a. A person who acts in an original way; one who does things such as have not been done before or are not commonly done (esp. of a ridiculous kind); a singular, odd, or eccentric person.
1676Wycherley Pl. Dealer ii. i, I hate imitation, to do anything like other people. All that know me do me the honour to say, I am an original. 1741Richardson Pamela (1824) I. xlix. 379, I may be looked upon as an original in my way. 1771Smollett Humph. Cl. 8 Nov., But my aunt and her paramour..formed, indeed, such a pair of originals, as I believe, all England could not parallel. 1824Scott St. Ronan's xvii, A friendship..was therefore struck up hastily betwixt these two originals. 1865M. Arnold Ess. Crit. iv. 131 This boy is a real original.
b. A thing of singular or unique character; a specimem or example of originality. rare.
1727Pope, etc. Art of Sinking 86 Our next instance is certainly an original. 1850Scoresby Cheever's Whalem. Adv. i. (1859) 12 In adventures..almost every whaleman's voyage is an original.
6.
†a. pl. Original elements. Obs.
c1400tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 95 Of hem ys maad by lenghthe of tyme all maner of kynde of composisiouns þat originals, minerals, vegitables, & bestyals. And originals er what þyng ys engelyd yn þe entrailles of þe erthe, and yn þe depnesse of þe sees, & in Cauees of hilles, & in fumositez stoppyd & from vapours vpsteyinge. 1616Capt. Smith Descr. New Eng. 15 Her treasures hauing yet neuer beene opened, nor her originalls wasted, consumed, nor abused. 1667Milton P.L. vi. 511 Up they turn'd Wide the celestial soil, and saw beneath Th' originals of nature in their crude Conception.
b. pl. Original inhabitants, settlers, etc. rare.
1703Penn in Pa. Hist. Soc. Mem. IX. 205 If the coming of others shall overrule us that are the originals. Mod. colloq. They are only recent members; we're the originals.
Hence oˈriginalist nonce-wd. = original B. 5.
1846Worcester cites Month. Rev. Hence in later Dicts.
Sense 3 e in Dict. becomes 3 f. Add: [B.] [3.] e. A person upon whom a character in a literary work is based. Also transf. of places.
1837J. G. Lockhart Mem. Life Scott I. viii. 265 They staid there for a day or two, in the course of which Scott had his first and only interview with David Ritchie, the original of his Black Dwarf. 1873J. Forster Life Dickens II. ii. 30 Mrs. Gamp's original was in reality a person hired by a most distinguished friend of his own..to take charge of an invalid very dear to her. 1892Gardiner Student's Hist. Eng. 12 Cunobelin, the original of Shakspere's Cymbeline. 1924A. L. Hayward Dickens Encycl. 102/1 Maidstone. It is very probable that this old county town was the original of Muggleton. 1952Dickensian XLVIII. 165 George Lear..remembered a little old lady whom he considered to have been the original of Miss Flite. 1984A. N. Wilson Hilaire Belloc ii. xi. 249 Father O'Connor, the ‘original’ of Father Brown, came down from his Yorkshire parish. |