| 释义 |
orientation|ɔərɪənˈteɪʃən|
[n. of action from orientate or orient v.: see -ation. So in mod.F. (1878 in Dict. Acad.).]
The action of orienting, or the condition of being oriented or orientated.
1. The placing or arranging of something so as to face the east; spec. the construction of a church with the longer axis east and west, and the chancel or chief altar at the eastern end; also, the burying of a corpse with the feet towards the east.
1849Ecclesiologist IX. 153 The primitive tradition of orientation. 1855Fergusson Handbk. Archit. 516 note, The orientation of Churches, by turning their altars towards the east, is wholly a peculiarity of the Northern or Gothic races; the Italians never knew or practised it. 1881Stanley Chr. Instit. xi. 209 The orientation of churches is from the rites of Etruscan augury. 1883A. Beresford-Hope Worship & Order 126 Orientation, we should add, is exploded by the Oratorians.
2. a. Hence, by extension, The placing or construction of a church, temple, house, tomb, or other structure, so as to face in any specified direction; adjustment in some particular way with respect to the points of the compass.
1839Hints Study Eccles. Antiq. (Cambr. Camd. Soc. 1842) 17 Orientation. It is important to notice the deviation of a church from east, because it is supposed that the chancel points to that part of the horizon where the sun rises on the Feast of the Patron Saint. 1871Tylor Prim. Cult. II. 382 A series of practices concerning the posture of the dead in their graves and the living in their temples..which may be classed under the general heading of Orientation. 1871E. H. Palmer Desert of Exodus 7 The Orientation of the chapel..had been altered at a later date. 1885Adler Schliemann's Tiryns Pref. 18 The orientation, towards the South, of the rooms most used.
b. Position or arrangment (of a natural object or formation) relatively to the points of the compass or to other parts of the same structure; the ‘lie’ of a thing. In Chem., the relative position of the atoms or radicals in complex molecules.
1875Wonders Phys. World I. ii. 75 This arrangement of the ridges is simply a result of the orientation. 1877Watts Fownes' Chem. II. 420 The higher [benzene] derivatives formed by replacement of two or more hydrogen-atoms in the molecule exhibit isomeric modifications, which are supposed to depend upon the relative position or orientation of the substituted radicals. 1881― Dict. Chem. 3rd Suppl. 1187 ‘Optical orientation’ denotes the order in which the axes of elasticity correspond to the right-angled crystallographic axes. 1884Bower & Scott De Bary's Phaner. 319 The orientation of collateral bundles is in the usual cases..such that the xylem is turned towards the middle, and the phloem towards the periphery of the whole organ.
c. Transference eastward. Also, = orientalization.
1884Pall Mall G. 26 Aug. 1/1 That orientation of the entente cordiale from Paris to Berlin which was one of the cherished hopes of Lord Ampthill's life. 1914G. K. Chesterton Flying Inn viii. 81 He also wants to drive a tunnel—between East and West—to make the British Empire more Indian; to effect what he calls the orientation of England and I call the ruin of Christendom.
3. The action of turning to or facing the east, esp. in acts of worship, as at the recitation of the Creed or the celebration of the Eucharist; the eastward position.[Cf. quot. from Tylor, 1871, in 2.] 1875Gladstone Glean. VI. viii. 147 The case in favour of what we may be allowed to call orientation. 1888Ch. Times 339/1 Orientation at the Creed was observed.
4. a. The action or process of ascertaining, or fact of knowing, the position of anything or of oneself in relation to the points of the compass or to objects in general; determination of (one's) bearings or relative position; spec. in Zool. the faculty by which birds and other animals find their way back to a place after going or being taken to a place distant from it (as in homing pigeons and migratory birds).
1868Airy Pop. Astron. iii. 122 We have no term for expressing that peculiar act of determining the direction of a side of a triangle, or the direction of a chain of triangles, and therefore we have adopted a word from the French, ‘orientation’; it is, however, a bad word, used only for the want of a better. 1887Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. I. 510 Tympanic sensibility plays no role in auditive orientation. 1897tr. Flammarion's Lumen 212 Another sense with which I was still more struck..I found on a second world. This was the sense of orientation. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 342 Psychical disturbance, marked by apathy, dulness of comprehension, variable temper, delusions, imperfect orientation.
b. Chem. The process of ascertaining the relative positions of the substituents in a ring.
1891Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LX. 1199 The method employed by Claus and Runschke..for the orientation of 4:6-dichlorometaxylene. 1903Walker & Mott tr. Holleman's Text-bk. Org. Chem. II. 473 Oxidation is another important aid in their orientation, and is employed to determine whether the substituents are attached to the same or to different rings. 1953Astle & Shelton Org. Chem. xxii. 420 (heading) Korner's absolute method of orientation.
5. fig. (from various senses): Adjustment, position, or aspect with respect to anything; determination of one's ‘bearings’ or true position in relation to circumstances, ideas, etc.
1870Baring-Gould Orig. Relig. Belief (1878) II. ii. 31 The double orientation, one towards God, the other towards the world. 1890Ch. Q. Rev. XXX. 19 It may be well to make a few remarks by way of orientation. 1893in Barrows Parl. Relig. I. 759 That is the best education which gives a man, so to speak, the best orientation; which most clearly defines his relations with society and with his Creator.
b. An introduction to some subject or particular situation; a briefing. Also attrib., as (U.S.) orientation course, orientation program (see quots.).
1942in Partridge Usage & Abusage 226/2 Orientation course, American pedagoguese for an introductory, general or historical study, usually of the social sciences, designed for college freshmen or sophomores. 1953K. Reisz Technique Film Editing ii. viii. 140 Had we, for instance, opened the sequence with the long continuous scene of the bearded forest (as an orientation scene of the locale in which the tale was set) we would have no preparation to understand and appreciate its charms and mysteries. 1968Globe & Mail (Toronto) 17 Feb. B6 (Advt.), Selected applicants will be offered a comprehensive orientation program in branch banking. 1968N.Y. Times 23 July 41/1 Mr. Mailer was giving an ‘orientation’ (or was it a sophisticated party game?) for nearly 100 participants in his third film venture. 1970Toronto Daily Star 24 Sept. 2/2 A student orientation program at the University of British Columbia. 1972D. Delman Sudden Death (1973) iii. 73 ‘I needed..an insight into the way you tennis cats think.’ ‘In other words I've just delivered what amounts to an orientation lecture.’ 1976Columbus (Montana) News 10 June 4/2 Four prospective LABO host families met Sunday evening at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Bill Wright to go over an orientation program and participate in a Japanese style dinner. 1976J. Crosby Nightfall xxxviii. 231 Hawkins had read Wittgenstein only because Theresa had. Her books were his orientation course.
6. Chem. The orienting effect of a substituent in a ring on other atoms or groups (see orient v. 4 a).
In quot. 1890 the word could be interpreted in sense 2 b.
1890Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LVIII. 484 The study of substitution phenomena, especially in the aromatic series, shows that the so-called orientation rules are dependent on the atomic or molecular weight of the atom or radicle which dominates or directs the position taken up by the substituting-group. 1946A. A. Morton Chem. Heterocyclic Compounds ii. 33 Replacement reactions are unique in that the position of the entering group is largely determined by the nature of the reactant, not by any orientation by groups. 1971J. D. Roberts et al. Org. Chem. xx. 574 When the two substitutents have opposed orientation effects, it is not always easy to predict what products will be obtained.
7. Special Comb.: orientation triad (see quot. 1962).
1953H. Haber Man in Space 155 If all three components of the orientation triad are intact, the human body is fully equipped to reckon with the force of gravity, to keep its balance and to remain properly aligned relative to the vertical. 1962F. I. Ordway et al. Basic Astronautics xii. 475 The center of the body's orientation system is located in the inner ear; the system, however, consists of three elements, often called the orientation triad. The first component is sight, and the second is the system of mechanoreceptors or nerve endings..that are sensitive to pressure. But the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear is the heart of the system since it contains the mechanism that senses acceleration. |