| 释义 |
oligo-|ˈɒlɪgəʊ|
before a vowel olig-, combining form of Greek ὀλίγος small, little, pl. few, in forming nouns and adjectives, as: ὀλιγόκαρπος with little fruit, oligocarpous, ὀλιγόϕυλλος having few leaves, oligophyllous. Hence many modern technical terms, on Greek models, or Greek analogies: oligaˈcanthous a. Bot. [Gr. ἄκανθα thorn], having few spines, as Mimosa oligacantha (Mayne Expos. Lex. 1857); oliˈgandrous a. Bot. [see -androus], having fewer than twenty stamens; oliˈganthous a. Bot. [Gr. ἄνθος flower]: see quot.; oligarˈticular a. [L. articulus joint], ‘confined to a few joints, as an arthritis’ (Cent. Dict. 1890); oligoˈblennia [Gr. βλέννος slime, βλεννός drivelling], deficiency of mucus (Dunglison Med. Lex. 1853); oligoˈcarpous a. Bot. [see above], having few fruits; oligochroˈmæmia [Gr. χρῶµα colour, αἷµα blood], deficiency of hæmoglobin in the red blood-corpuscles; oligochroˈnometer: see quots.; oligoˈcystic a., having few cysts or cavities; oligocyˈthæmia [Gr. κύτος a hollow, αἷµα blood], deficiency of the red corpuscles of the blood; so oligocyˈthæmic a.; oligoˈdontous a. [Gr. ὀδοντ- tooth], having few teeth (Mayne); oligodyˈnamic a. [ad. G. oligodynamisch (C. von Nägeli 1893, in Neue Denkschriften d. allgem. schweiz. Ges. f. d. ges. Naturwiss. XXXIII. i. ii. 8)], effected or exerted by minute quantities of metallic ions in solution; acting or being active at very low concentrations; oligoˈester Chem., an oligomer in which adjacent monomeric units are linked together by an ester grouping, {b1}CO·O{b1}; oligogaˈlactia [Gr. γάλα, γάλακτ-, milk], scantiness of milk-secretion (Dunglison 1853); oligoˈglottism [Gr. γλῶττα a tongue], slight knowledge of languages (ibid.); oligoˈhaline Oceanogr. [ad. G. oligohalin (H. C. Redeke 1922, in Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde (Amsterdam) XXII. 330), f. Gr. ἅλιν-ος of salt], characterized by salinity in the range immediately above that of ‘fresh’ water (a division of the mixohaline category); oligoˈlectic a. [Gr. λεκτ-ός chosen], of bees, gathering pollen from only a few closely related plants; oligoˈmania, madness manifesting itself in a few directions only; oligomenoˈrrhœa, -rrhæa or (U.S.) -rrhea [menorrhœa], defective menstruation; hence ˌoligomenoˈrrhœal, -ˈrrhœic adjs.; oliˈgomerous a. Bot. [Gr. µέρος part], having fewer divisions than is normal; so oliˈgomery; oligomeˈtochia, Philol. [Gr. µετοχή a participle], avoidance of participles or participial constructions; so oligomeˈtochic a., containing or using few participles; oligoˈmycin Pharm. [-mycin], (any of) a group of antifungal antibiotics produced by the bacterium Streptomyces diastatochromogenes, which inhibit certain mitochondrial phosphorylation reactions; oligoˈnucleotide Biochem. [ad. G. oligo-nucleotid (F. G. Fischer et al. 1941, in Jrnl. f. prakt. Chem. CLVIII. 81)], any polynucleotide whose molecules are made up of a relatively small number of nucleotides; oligoˈpeptide Biochem. [ad. G. oligopeptid (Helferich & Grünert 1940, in Naturwissenschaften 28 June 411/2)], any peptide whose molecules are composed of a relatively small number of amino-acid residues; oligoˈpetalous a. Bot., having few petals (Funk 1893); oliˈgophagous a. Zool. [-phagous], of insects, feeding on a limited number of plants; so oliˈgophagy |-ˈɒfədʒɪ|; † oliˈgophorous a. [Gr. -ϕορος bearing], of wine: that will bear but little water, weak; oligoˈphrenia [Gr. ϕρήν mind], feeble-mindedness; oligoˈphyllous a. Bot. [see above], having few leaves (Mayne 1857); ˈoligopod a. Ent. [ad. It. oligopodo (A. Berlese 1913, in Redia IX. 128) f. Gr. πούς, ποδ- foot], of an insect larva, having well-developed thoracic limbs; oligoˈprothesy Philol. [Gr. πρόθεσις a preposition], sparing use of prepositions; so oligoproˈthetic a.; oligoˈsaccharide Biochem. [ad. G. oligosaccharid (B. Helferich et al. 1930, in Ber. d. Deut. Chem. Ges. LXIII. 991)], any carbohydrate whose molecules are composed of a relatively small number of monosaccharide residues; ˌoligosaˈprobic a. Ecology [ad. G. oligosaprob (Kolkwitz & Marsson 1902, in Mittheilungen aus der K. Prüfungsanstalt f. Wasserversorgung und Abwässerbeseitigung I. 46): see saprobe], of, being, or inhabiting an aquatic environment that is rich in dissolved oxygen and (relatively) free from decayed organic matter; so oligoˈsaprobe, an oligosaprobic organism; oligosiˈderic a. [Gr. σίδηρ-ος iron], containing only a small proportion of iron; oligoˈsiderite, a stony meteorite containing a small percentage of iron (Funk 1893); oligoˈspermia Med. [Gr. σπέρµα seed], orig. the condition in which the amount of semen secreted is reduced; now usu. = oligozoospermia below; hence oligoˈspermic a.; oligoˈspermous a., containing few seeds (Mayne); oligoˈsporean, -ˈosporous a. [Gr. σπόρος sowing, seed], of or belonging to the Oligosporea, Schneider's name for the minute parasitic sporozoans of the genus Coccidium, the cysts of which produce a small definite number of spores (Syd. Soc. Lex., Cent. Dict.); oligoˈstemonous a. [Gr. στήµων] = oligandrous (Syd. Soc. Lex.); oligosyˈllabic a. [Gr. ὀλιγοσύλλαβος], having less than four syllables; oligoˈsyllable, a word of less than four syllables; oliˈgotokous a. Ornith. [Gr. ὀλιγοτόκος], laying less than four eggs (Cent. Dict.); oliˈgotrophy [Gr. ὀλιγοτροϕία], deficiency of nourishment; oligoˈtropic a. Zool. [ad. G. oligotrope (E. Loew 1884, in Jahrb. Bot. Gartens Berlin III. 256): see -tropic], of bees, collecting nectar from only a few kinds of flower; ˌoligozooˈspermia Med. [zoosperm s.v. zoo-], the condition of having the number of spermatozoa in the semen sufficiently reduced to affect fertility; oliguˈresia [Gr. οὔρησις making water], oliˈguria [Gr. οὔριος of urine], deficient secretion of urine; so oliˈguric a., of, pertaining to, or involving oliguria; also as n., one who suffers from oliguria.
1870Hooker Stud. Flora 36 Lepidium, Cress..Flowers..often apetalous and *oligandrous.
1857Mayne Expos. Lex., Oliganthus, having but a small number of flowers, as the Psychotrea oligantha, Opilobium oliganthum: *oliganthous.
Ibid., *Oligocarpous. 1866Treas. Bot. 811/1 Thus oligocarpous is applied to sori in which the spore-cases are few in number.
1866A. Flint Princ. Med. (1880) 62 When the blood contains many of these pale corpuscles..the condition is called achroiocythaemia or *oligochromaemia. 1899J. Cagney tr. Jaksch's Clin. Diagn. i. (ed. 4) 9 So with oligochromæmia,—diminution of hæmoglobin.
1857Mayne Expos. Lex., Oligochronometrum, term for an instrument invented by Del Negro for measuring the minute fractions of time: an *oligochronometer. 1876Catal. Sci. App. S. Kens. 604 Oligochronometer, an instrument for measuring the smallest fractions of time.—Applied to the measurement of the velocity of projectiles.
1872Peaslee Ovar. Tumours 31, I have..adopted the term *oligocystic cystoma as more distinctive than monocystic.
1876tr. Wagner's Gen. Pathol. (ed. 6) 524 *Oligocythæmia, diminished amount of red corpuscles, is the last to remain.
1858Thudichum Urine 138 The amount of blood-corpuscles..so considerably diminished as to cause an anæmic, or better *oligocythæmic, condition. 1898Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 534 There are two classes—the hæmolytic and the oligocythæmic.
1893Nature 3 Aug. 331/2 By *oligodynamic phenomena Nägeli means those produced by excessively small quantities of metallic substances in solution. 1941Jrnl. Marine Res. IV. 186 Containers made of copper, zinc, tin or nickel alloys are not suitable for the collection of samples of sea water for bacteriological analysis due to the inimical oligodynamic action of the metals. 1965B. E. Freeman tr. Vandel's Biospeleol. xix. 337 The Thiobacteria can synthesise oligodynamic substances (nicotinic acid..pyridoxine, vitamin B12). 1973Times 25 Apr. 19/5 The ability of minute amounts of these metals to exert a lethal effect upon micro-organisms is referred to as oligodynamic action.
1957Makromolekulare Chemie XXIII. 31 Linear *oligoesters of terephthalic acid and glycol form three polymer-homologous series: ester-diols, ester-dicarboxylic acids, and ester-hydroxyacids. 1968Encycl. Polymer Sci. & Technol. IX. 491 For the synthesis of oligoesters and amides, the carboxyl group is usually activated by transformation into acid chloride or azide, as well as to a mixed anhydride or active ester.
1951Rep. Comm. Treatise Marine Ecol. (National Research Council, U.S.) xi. 50 As originally proposed by Redeke, this classification was related to chlorinity rather than to the total salinity... This scheme, as set up by Redeke..is best presented in tabular form:..Cl, 0/00... Brackish water. 0·1–1·0. *Oligohaline. 1971Nature 24 Sept. 281/1 Next, there is a conglomerate which contains brackish oligohaline facies fauna.
1925C. Robertson in Ecology VI. 413, I have used the term *oligolectic for a bee collecting pollen from a species, genus or family, where the relationship of the flowers seems to determine the preference, and polylectic for one collecting pollen from unrelated plants. 1972Science 12 May 601/2 There are very few oligolectic bees. 1973Proctor & Yeo Pollination of Flowers v. 151 Bees that visit only one or a few species of flowers for food are described as oligotropic, while those showing a similar restriction for pollen supplies are called oligolectic.
1842Med. News I. 472 Reasons..to justify the substitution of the term *oligomania for monomania.
1885W. Roberts Treat. Urin. Dis. xiv. (ed. 4) 672 She had suffered from anæmia and *oligo-menorrhæa, but got quite well of these. 1974Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. III. xxviii. 6/1 Although there are important exceptions, in general those conditions which cause primary amenorrhoea are congenital, while those causing secondary amenorrhoea or oligomenorrhoea are acquired.
1963*Oligomenorrheal [see polymenorrhœal a.].
1955Obstetr. & Gynecol. V. 661 Five of the 7 patients were amenorrheic at the time of the first visit, while 2 were *oligomenorrheic with menses occurring once to three times a year. 1977Lancet 15 Oct. 805/1 Bromocriptine restores normal gonadal function in some amenorrhœic or oligomenorrhœic patients who have normal serum-prolactin levels.
1897Willis Man. Fl. Plants & Ferns I. 74 The gynoeceum,..in most cases has fewer members than the outer whorls or is *oligomerous.
Ibid., *Oligomery of the gynoeceum.
1888Gildersleeve in Amer. Jrnl. Philol. IX. 144 If then..the rhetoricians do consider the participle as an element of style, and if they are right in so considering it, *oligometochia and polymetochia cannot be neglected by us.
1954R. M. Smith et al. in Antibiotics & Chemotherapy IV. 962 The purpose of this paper is to report a presumably new antifungal antibiotic, *oligomycin. 1958Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXXX. 6093/1 The oligomycins are active against the fungi producing oak-wilt and Dutch elm diseases. 1964Ann. Rev. Biochem. XXXIII. 737 In loosely coupled mitochondria, oligomycin abolishes phosphorylation, and the available evidence is consistent with the conclusion that oligomycin inhibits ATP formation from all three coupling sites of the respiratory chain. 1969J. Dekker in D. C. Torgeson Fungicides II. xiii. 621 Oligomycin..is an antifungal antibiotic active against various fungal plant pathogens. The results, however, have not been good enough to warrant practical applications.
1942Chem. Abstr. XXXVI. 785 From a study of dialysis coeffs., the *oligonucleotide has a mol. wt. 3·5–5·3 times that of a mononucleotide. 1961Lancet 12 Aug. 377/2 Many oligonucleotides and polynucleotides stimulate the growth of protozoans. 1971Nature 28 May 217/2 There were several oligonucleotides missing from the former RNA.
1941Chem. Abstr. XXXV. 78 (heading) N-methanesulfonyl derivatives of amino acids and *oligopeptides. 1955Nature 9 July 72/2 The importance of the amino-acids and oligopeptides and the complexity of their mixtures often encountered stimulate a demand for more powerful analytical tools. 1968New Scientist 22 Aug. 402/2 The first section, that on the posterior pituitary hormones, is mainly concerned with the fact that these oligopeptides do not occur free in the nerve cells.
1920C. T. Brues in Amer. Naturalist LIV. 317 A distinction is made between vegetarian species with a single food-plant (Monophagous), those with several definitely fixed ones (*Oligophagous) and those with quite indiscriminate food habits (Polyphagous). 1946― Insect Dietary iii. 145 (heading) Polyphagy, oligophagy and monophagy. 1969R. F. Chapman Insects ii. 27 Other insects..feed on only a limited range of plants. They are called oligophagous. Ibid. 28 Oligophagy may also arise in this way [sc. the presence of particular chemical stimulants in certain plants].
1600Surflet Countrie Farme vi. xxii. 802 The wines of high Normandie..be not strong or mightie, but *oligophorous. 1657Tomlinson Renou's Disp. 220.
1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 196 *Oligophrenia, enfeeblements of cerebral (psychical) development, with a parallel enfeeblement in the evolution of personality. 1932Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. XXIII. 21 The oligophrenia, or ‘small wittedness’ as Continental writers call the condition, is due to an insufficiently developed brain. 1972Encycl. Psychol. II. 345/2 Oligophrenia, synonymous with the term amentia..mental subnormality.
[1925A. D. Imms Gen. Textbk. Entomol. ii. 179 In the *oligopod phase the embryo has reached an advanced condition.] 1934R. A. Wardle Folsom's Entomol. (ed. 4) iii. 173 A less active type of oligopod larva..has a cylindrical fleshy body. 1957T. W. Kirkpatrick Insect Life in Tropics iv. 64 Oligopod larvae usually have well-developed thoracic legs but no abdominal feet and are typical of most beetles and Neuroptera. 1969R. F. Chapman Insects xx. 399 The least modified [larval form] with respect to the adult is the oligopod larva.
1896J. Donovan in Classical Rev. Feb. 63/1 The inquiry leads to the general law that prose is polyprothetic and poetry *oligoprothetic. The gradual development from extreme *oligoprothesy to considerable polyprothesy, in the Tragic writers, is especially dwelt on and fully demonstrated.
1930Chem. Abstr. XXIV. 3762 The name *oligosaccharides is suggested for the simpler cryst. sugars (intermediate between the monoses and the polysaccharides) which form 2 or more monoses on hydrolysis. 1957Sci. News XLV. 87 Human breast milk..contains a number of oligosaccharides. 1968Oligosaccharide [see monosaccharide].
1925Bull. Illinois Nat. Hist. Survey XV. 441 The part of a stream lying between the mesosaprobic lower limit and that of the cleanest zone normal to rivers has been called by Kolkwitz and Marsson *oligosaprobic. 1933Water Pollution Res. Technical Paper (D.S.I.R.) No. 3. 134 The classification of the organisms into poly-, meso-, and oligo-saprobic..is now generally in use in defining the ecological status of aquatic organisms. It is based on the conditions which result when sewage or similar polluting liquids flow into small streams or into series of lagoons; in such cases a characteristic succession of biological associations is found, beginning with the poly-saprobes living in the crude liquid and ending with the oligo-saprobes in the region where self-purification is complete. 1950Folia Limnologica Scand. V. 77 The oligosaprobic zone is regarded chemically as the zone in which oxidation (mineralisation) is nearly completed. 1970Oligo-saprobic [see mesosaprobic adj. s.v. meso-].
1881Nature 17 Nov. 72 Bodies closely resembling some *oligosideric meteorites.
1848Dunglison Dict. Med. Sci. (ed. 7) 599/2 *Oligospermia, paucity of spermatic secretion. 1897White & Martin Genito-Urinary Surg. xxviii. 1027 Oligospermia, or a diminution in the quantity of semen ejaculated, may be due to deficiency in quantity or absence of any of the constituent parts of this fluid. 1936H. Bailey Dis. Testicle xviii. 148 The causes of male sterility are:{ddd}2. Oligospermia; spermatozoa are few and inactive. 1944R. S. Hotchkiss Fertility in Men ix. 185 Defective spermatogenesis results in the failure to supply the full complement of spermatozoa to the ejaculate. This varies in degree from complete atrophy of the seminiferous tubule to a reduced number of spermatozoa in the seminal discharge. The former condition produces azoospermia, while the latter causes oligospermia. 1974Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. III. xxviii. 21/1 A diminution of fertility can be demonstrated when sperm density falls below 20 m/ml, and values below this level on repeated counts constitute oligospermia.
1892Syd. Soc. Lex., *Oligospermic. 1971Nature 19 Feb. 534/2 In veterinary and medical practice artificial insemination facilitates the use of incapacitated or oligospermic males.
1830Coleridge Table-t. 30 Apr., As long a sentence made up of as few words, and those as *oligosyllabic, as any I remember.
1706Phillips, *Oligotrophy, a Decrease of Nourishment, or a very small one. 1730in Bailey.
1899C. Robertson in Bot. Gaz. XXVIII. 29 The difference between a monotropic and an *oligotropic bee may depend merely upon the accident that only one species occurs in the neighbourhood. 1919J. H. Lovell Flower & Bee 106 When a species of bee restricts its visits..to a few allied kinds of flowers [it is termed] an oligotropic bee. 1946C. T. Brues Insect Dietary iii. 107 Some more specialized bees and other insects restrict their visits to a much more circumscribed assortment of plant species. With these oligotropic kinds the advantages to the plant are obviously greater.
1892F. P. Foster Med. Dict. IV. 2447/1 *Oligozoospermia, of De Sinety, a variety of sterility in the male in which the spermatozooids are diminished in number and activity. 1897White & Martin Genito-Urinary Surg. xxviii. 1027 Oligozoöspermia indicates a condition in which the semen ejaculated contains few spermatozoa. 1962Lancet 27 Jan. 218/1 There was nothing to suggest oligozoospermia due to external causes.
1876Dunglison Dict. Med. Sci. (rev. ed.) 721/2 *Oliguria. 1899J. Cagney tr. Jaksch's Clin. Diagn. vii. (ed. 4) 252 The oliguria and suppression which herald an attack of uræmia. 1961Lancet 22 July 187/2 The œdema, oliguria, albuminuria, and absence of an impressive cardiac murmur may result in the condition being mistaken for acute nephritis.
1907Amer. Jrnl. Med. Sci. CXXXIV. 77 The *oliguric urine..is of higher specific gravity and contains less indican. 1918Endocrinology II. 95 In man it is common to observe diuresis, especially in oligurics. 1961Lancet 16 Sept. 632/1 In mushroom poisoning hæmodialysis is obviously essential where..severe oliguric renal failure occurs. |