| 释义 |
▪ I. research, n.1|rɪˈsɜːtʃ, ˈriːsɜːtʃ|
Also 7 -serch.
[ad. obs. F. recerche (1539; mod.F. recherche): see re- and search n.]
1. The act of searching (closely or carefully) for or after a specified thing or person.
1577F. de Lisle's Legendarie G iv b, Being deliuered of that which they most feared, which was the researche for the Princes imprisonment. 1794Godwin Cal. Williams 210, I carefully avoided the habitation..lest it should..furnish a clue to the researches of my pursuers. 1799R. Sickelmore Agnes & Leonora II. 190 His father..was making every possible research after us. 1827Disraeli Viv. Grey vi. iii, Fortune has not favoured me..in my researches after a bed. 1847C. Brontë J. Eyre xxxiii, She had left Thornfield Hall in the night; every research after her course had been vain. 1889Nature 19 Sept. 493/2 Constant explorations are being carried out..chiefly in researches after gold and other precious metals.
2. a. A search or investigation directed to the discovery of some fact by careful consideration or study of a subject; a course of critical or scientific inquiry. (Usu. in pl.)
a1639Wotton Surv. Educ. in Reliq. (1672) 85 There must go before a main research, whether the Child that I am to manage, be of a good nature or no. 1675L. Addison Pres. St. Jews 237 Waving all Critical reserches into the word Talmud. 1728Young Love Fame vi. 413 Ye men of deep researches, say, whence springs This daring character, in tim'rous things? 1752Hume Ess. & Treat. (1777) II. 9 These researches may appear painful and fatiguing. 1799J. Robertson Agric. Perth 290 Our most profound researches are frequently nothing better than guessing at the causes of the phenomena. 1830D'Israeli Chas. I, III. iii. 26 Such ambiguous facts..often baffle the researches of the historian. 1850Sir B. Brodie Psychol. Inq. I. i. 12 Cuvier was usually engaged for seven hours daily in his scientific researches. 1870Yeats Nat. Hist. Comm. 5 Fresh necessities have led continually to fresh researches.
b. Without article: Investigation, inquiry into things. Also, as a quality of persons, habitude of carrying out such investigation.
1694W. Holder Princ. Harmony Introd., The Matter lies deep in Nature and requires much Research into Natural Philosophy to unfold it. 1729Butler Serm. Wks. 1874 II. 208 Men of deep research..should just be put in mind, not to mistake what they are doing. 1809W. Irving Knickerb. Acc. Author (1849) 19 He found Mr. Cook a man..of great literary research, and a curious collector of books. 1861M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 30 A writer of painstaking research, who goes..to original and documentary authorities. 1892Photogr. Ann. II. 161 Spectrum photography for the purposes of photographic research.
c. research knee-jerk, a knee-jerk requiring special means to elicit it.
1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 521 Sternberg..found that the research knee-jerk is hardly ever..really absent in healthy people.
3. Investigation or pursuit of a subject. rare.
1701Norris Ideal World i. vii. 396 A thing..happily performed in that admirable one the Research of Truth. 1759Dilworth Pope 53 His thoughts being quite weaned from Parnassus to the research of truth.
4. Mus. (See quot.) rare—0.
1727–38Chambers Cycl. [from the Dict. de Trévoux], Research, in music, is a kind of prelude or voluntary..wherein the composer seems to search or look out for the strains and touches of harmony, which he is to use in the regular piece to be played afterwards. 1876Stainer & Barrett Dict. Mus. Terms.
5. attrib. and Comb., as research assistant, research building, research bureau, research council, research degree, research department, research doctorate, research fellow, research fellowship, research grant, research lab, research laboratory, research library, research officer, research personnel, research post, research programme, research project, research room, research scholarship, research station, research student, research unit, research vessel, research work, research worker; research-minded adj.; research and development, in an industrial context, work directed on a large scale towards the innovation, introduction, and improvement of products and processes; freq. as attrib. phr.; abbrev. R and D s.v. R II. 2 a.
1923Industr. & Engin. Chem. (News ed.) 20 Jan. 10/1 (Advt.), Professorship or assistant professorship in first class college or university desired by chemist, Ph.D., with seven years' experience in university teaching and six years' practical experience in *research and development work. 1935Chem. & Engin. News 10 Jan. 15/1 Arthur R. Hitch has resigned from the Ethyl Gasoline Corp. to accept the position of director of research and development with the Nelio-Resin Corp. and the Southern Pine Chemical Co., Jacksonville, Fla. 1946Happy Landings July (verso front cover), It is the latter type of accidents..with which the research and development branches of M.S.A.P. is [sic] primarily concerned. 1968J. Sangster Touchfeather xv. 182 Research and development is a notoriously difficult thing to budget for. 1979Arizona Daily Star 5 Aug. b4/5 The research-and-development costs of a new product, when funded by government, artificially reduce the price of the product.
1914Leeds Univ. Tenth Rep., 1912–13 41 Two *Research Assistants in Botany. 1977D. MacKenzie Raven & Kamikaze xi. 128 I've been a senior research assistant for three and a half years.
1934H. G. Wells Exper. Autobiogr. ix. 815 It is the least grandiose and most practicable group of *research buildings in the world.
1925Scribner's Mag. Oct. 404/1 The trade-union congress decided to open an ‘official’ *research bureau of its own. 1934Amer. Speech IX. 113/1 Traffic counts are made by men from the research bureau of a tourist organization.
1920Brit. Med. Jrnl. 27 Mar. 447/2 The Committee will come to life again as the Medical *Research Council and will act under the direction of a Committee of the Privy Council. 1971Nature 5 Mar. 23/1 Rather more than {pstlg}100 million are spent through the research councils.
1903Encycl. Brit. XXXV. 788/1 *Research degrees. 1960Eells & Haswell Academic Degrees ii. 27 Second in importance as a research degree and much more recent is the Doctor of Education.
1920M. Beer Hist. Brit. Socialism II. xiv. 290 The Fabians have long felt the need for a special *research department. 1964Research department [see experiment station s.v. experiment n. 7].
1902Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 397/1 The B.Lit. and B.Sc. (founded in 1895, and completed in 1900 by the institution of *research doctorates), have attracted graduates from..other countries.
1899*Research fellow [see fellow n. 7 a]. 1966Rep. Comm. Inquiry Univ. Oxf. II. 387 There are two broad classes of research fellow in the colleges.
1921Leeds Univ. Sixteenth Rep., 1919–20 76 Mr. T. Hanby resigned the Gas *Research Fellowship. 1946[see grant-in-aid]. 1971Daily Tel. 16 June 10/3 An IBM Research Fellowship has been awarded at Oxford University to Mr. M. R. Topp.
1930Univ. Sheffield Ann. Rep., 1929–30 37 Mrs. May Mellanby..has been appointed a member of the *Research Grants' Committee. 1940H. G. Wells Babes in Darkling Wood ii. ii. 150 His income, derived from research grants, scientific writing, a small parcel of investments and gifts from his brother, was precarious. 1949Spectator 18 Nov. 665/1 What the subject really needs..is field-workers and a research grant. 1980M. Booth Bad Track iv. 77 Thank God for research grants.
1973D. Francis Slay Ride xiii. 162 It's a *research lab job.
1914Leeds Univ. Tenth Rep., 1912–13 43 A considerable sum of money was raised by public subscription for the establishment of an International *Research Laboratory. 1922Sci. Amer. Aug. 100 Long before so-called industrial research laboratories were established in any country, there existed a very thorough international cooperation in scientific research. 1957C. Smith Case of Torches xi. 130 How often do you send reports to the Research Laboratories?
1962Y. Malkiel in Householder & Saporta Probl. Lexicogr. 3 Numerous *research-library catalogues make it a point to distinguish between mono-, bi-, tri-lingual and polyglot dictionaries. 1978Amer. N. & Q. XVI. 141/1 During the 1950s a familiar sight at the loading dock of research libraries was the van of Hacker Art Books.
1959Times 27 Apr. (Rubber Industry Suppl.) p. xii/7 *Research-minded graduates with high academic qualifications..have excellent opportunities with some of the larger companies. 1971Halsey & Trow Brit. Academics xii. 291 There are more research-minded lecturers than senior lecturers.
1914Oxf. Univ. Calendar 1915 74 *Research Officer in Diseases of Trees. 1972Classification of Occupations (Dept. Employment) II. 47/2 Other titles include Research officer (Foreign and Commonwealth office).
1939R. V. Jones Most Secret War (1978) ix. 73 The only method of dealing with the former is direct espionage, or the observation of indiscretions by *research personnel concerned. 1972Lebende Sprachen XVII. 47/1 Research personnel, Forschungspersonal.
1966Rep. Comm. Inquiry Univ. Oxf. II. 252 Included as full-time are all those with a university and/or college teaching or *research post.
1950N.Z. Jrnl. Agric. June 514 (caption) The Rukuhia Soil Research Station (Hamilton)..carries out a *research programme in soil physics. 1958Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists XLII. 701 Some years ago the Field Research Laboratory of the Magnolia Petroleum Company began a Recent sediments research program in the Gulf of Mexico. 1977Sci. Amer. Dec. 15/1 He now..carries on a research program in the behavioral ecology of ants.
1949Radio Times 15 July 23/2 Mrs. Proudfoot is engaged on a *research project for Nuffield College. 1977Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics 1976 XXI. 196 Throughout a good part of his career he has been associated, directly or indirectly, with research projects concerned with the description of corpora of recorded language.
1922Leeds Univ. Seventeenth Rep., 1920–21 75 Honour Students now have the advantage of a separate laboratory, one of the old *Research Rooms having been specially equipped for the purpose. 1933[see carrell b]. 1949J. Routh in Granta (Christmas ed.) 43/2 Then he takes them to the research room where the research workers take down their case histories.
1907G. B. Shaw Let. 21 Mar. (1972) II. 675 Can't you get a *research scholarship, and travel for a year or so on that? 1937Granta 3 Feb. 218/2 On graduating he was awarded the Earl of Derby Research Scholarship in History.
1917Rep. Fuel Research Board 10 The *Research Station, as planned, will be capable of any extensions which will be required for future researches. 1974‘E. Ferrars’ Hanged Man's House v. 42 A lot of scientists in a research station.
1924Univ. Sheffield Ann. Rep., 1923–24 36 There were 8 Post-Graduate *Research Students in the Session 1923–24. 1934H. G. Wells Exper. Autobiogr. II. ix. 815 Five hundred..research students from abroad were always to be working there. 1976R. Barnard Little Local Murder x. 129 Why don't you try a research student?
1937Whitaker's Almanack 344/1 Clinical *Research Units. 1941C. Morgan Empty Room i. 5 Duck⁓boards stretched across..muddy gravel from the small square Lodge, where, he presumed, Research Unit Seven had their living quarters. a1974R. Crossman Diaries (1976) II. 192 To try to get them a medical school for Warwick University and a motor research unit.
1977Guardian 27 Apr. 6/2 Two *research vessels from the Institute of Marine Research at Bergen headed for the area yesterday.
1903J. B. Tomlinson (title) *Research work on popular and general subjects. 1935Burlington Mag. Aug. 90/2 Most of the research-work..has already been undertaken. 1950Univ. Nottingham Ann. Rep. 12 The staffing of departments needs to be reviewed in the light of the amount and kind of teaching required and of the research work in progress.
1917Jrnl. Soc. Automotive Engineers Oct. 262/1 He was an experimental rather than an analytical *research worker. 1950Univ. Nottingham Ann. Rep. 12 In many departments the work is seriously hampered simply by lack of space for research workers. 1969I. & P. Opie Children's Games p. vi, The research-worker..blessed with an unending flow of information can be in as embarrassing a position as he whose sources are limited.
▸ research octane number n. Oil Industry an octane number as determined by the research method of the American Society for Testing and Materials, used chiefly for low engine speeds and loads; abbreviated RON.
The method involves running a fuel in a test engine with a variable compression ratio under controlled conditions, and comparing the results with those for mixtures of isooctane and n-heptane.
1943U.S. Patent 2,326,704 4/1 A coke still naphtha having an A.S.T.M. octane number of 59 and a *research octane number of 63.1 was isoformed over a silica-alumina catalyst. 1973K. Owen in G. D. Hobson Mod. Petroleum Technol. (ed. 4) xv. 591 The motor method was developed first... In the late 1930s it was found that new cars were rating gasoline nearer to the research method, and since 1949 research octane numbers have been used as the important parameter for defining octane quality. 2007Appl. Thermal Engin. 27 2919/2 The research octane number of gasoline is 90.
▪ II. reˈsearch, n.2 rare.|riː-|
[re- 5 a.]
A second or repeated search.
1746Ascanus 272 Those Parts having already been thoroughly ransack'd, and in all Probability would not be exposed to a Re-search. 1878Spurgeon Treas. Dav. Ps. cvii. 4 They wandered up and down in vain searches and researches.
▪ III. research, v.1|rɪˈsɜːtʃ, ˈriːsɜːtʃ|
[ad. obs. F. recercher (mod.F. rechercher) = It. ricercare (med.L. recercāre): see re- and search v.]
1. a. trans. To search into (a matter or subject); to investigate or study closely. Also, to engage in research upon (a subject, a person, etc.).
1593G. Harvey New Letter C iij, Some that haue perused eloquent bookes, and researched most curious writinges. a1639Wotton in Gutch Coll. Cur. I. 216 To research with freedom..all their proper characters, and endowments. 1665Walton Life Hooker Introd., It must prove..a work of much labour to inquire, consider, research, and determine, what is needful to be known concerning him. 1786A. M. Bennett Juvenile Indiscr. I. 103 He had employed himself..in researching history. 1942R. Chandler High Window (1943) xxxiii. 219 Some I was told, some I researched, some I guessed. 1959Encounter Dec. 32/2 I'll author an article about it after I've researched the matter further. 1965New Statesman 23 Apr. 642/1 Bryan Magee must have worn cosy blinkers when he researched lesbianism for his TV programme. 1971D. Potter Brit. Eliz. Stamps xv. 180 Collect, study and research your stamps. 1978S. Sheldon Bloodline xiv. 175 She researched the guests, found out their likes and dislikes, what they ate and drank, and what type of entertainment they enjoyed. 1980Times 1 Oct. 1/4 Union leaders..said they wanted time to ‘research’ the company's case before the next meeting.
b. intr. To make researches; to pursue a course of research. Also const. in(to), on.
1781H. Walpole Let. 27 Jan. (1858) VII. 505, I know, as Gray would have said, how little I have researched, and what slender pretensions are mine. 1801Southey Let. to John Rickman 20 Nov. in Life (1850) II. 175 On these three subjects he is directed to read and research—corn-laws, finance, tythes, according to their written order. 1811Moore Mem. (1856) VIII. 97 When you write, or rather when you research, do not forget [etc.]. 1867J. Macfarlane Mem. T. Archer vi. 135 He travelled with the tourist—researched with the historian. 1935D. L. Sayers Gaudy Night i. 23, I believe she's researching on the Bacon family. 1958Times Lit. Suppl. 14 Nov. 653/2 The Savage Affair is about one Michael Savage..researching into Commonwealth Drama. 1975Nature 6 Nov. 27/3 He is a biochemist who has researched in many areas. 1977Navy News July 12/3 Former lieutenant-commander, John Winton has researched into sea ballads, ships' logs, and sailors' personal writings and reminiscences to produce the latest of his works. 1977K. O'Hara Ghost of T. Penry xv. 142 If you'd ever learn to research properly..you'd know you're always civil.
c. trans. To engage upon research for (a book or the like).
1965Listener 4 Mar. 343/3 The book has been thoroughly and conscientiously ‘researched’, as the Americans say. 1973Which? Dec. 367/1 This continued to research monthly features for sale to the mass-circulation Daily Mirror. 1975Publishers Weekly 2 June 49/3 Barbara Villet, ex-Life reporter, researched her book in five big New York hospitals.
†2. To seek (a woman) in love or marriage. Obs.
1622J. Reynolds God's Revenge i. Hist. ii, Because he seeth it labour lost, to research Christeneta, he will not bee obstinate in his suite. Ibid. iv, He is not capable to bee dissuaded from researching his Mistresse. 1649Alcoran 23 You will not offend God in speaking a word in secret to women that you research in marriage.
Hence reˈsearching vbl. n. and ppl. a.
1611Florio, Ricerca, a search, a researching. a1639Wotton in Reliq. (1672) 351 Your Style, which seemeth unto me..full of Sweet Raptures, and of researching Conceits. 1887Charity Organis. Rev. Nov. 408 A stranger would be introduced, who by his questioning compelled researching of principles. 1930J. B. Priestley Angel Pavement viii. 393 He wants to come along early next week and bring his researching friend Jiggs or Hoggs or something. 1981J. Sutherland Bestsellers xiii. 145 The most respected researching novelist in Britain is probably Len Deighton.
▪ IV. reˈsearch, v.2|riː-|
[re- 5 a.]
trans. and intr. To search again or repeatedly.
1760–72H. Brooke Fool of Qual. (1809) II. 76, I searched and researched my memory. 1804E. de Acton Tale without Title II. 246, I have searched and researched every corner of the house. 1861E. O'Curry Lect. MS. Materials 434 To search and research through the ancient MSS. themselves. 1876‘Mark Twain’ Tom Sawyer xxxii, The lads searched and re-searched this place, but in vain. |